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Health Latest Stories

What To Know and Do About Arthritis Pain

<p>Portra / Getty Images</p> — Portra / Getty Images

Medically reviewed by David Ozeri, MD

Arthritis is a condition that causes pain, inflammation, and limited mobility in your joints. There are several subtypes of arthritis, all of which cause varying levels of discomfort and affect different parts of your body.

In most cases, arthritis pain develops gradually and can worsen as time goes on. Some people may experience pain suddenly. Pain may also worsen at the end of the day or after physical activity.

There's no cure for arthritis, but there are several ways to manage the pain. Many people choose to use medications to reduce inflammation. You can also try home remedies in addition to medical treatments. If you have arthritis or are experiencing joint pain, seek advice from your healthcare provider to receive proper treatment and reduce the risk of complications.

Potential Causes of Arthritis Pain

Arthritis pain can occur for two primary reasons: mechanical breakdown of your joints due to aging and wear-and-tear or inflammation due to an immune system response. Several different conditions can cause joint pain, including the following.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition that causes a gradual breakdown of the entire joint and its cartilage (cushion) over time. Without the cartilage to provide a cushion, the bones rub together, which can change the shape of your bone. This can result in extreme pain, increased inflammation, and joint stiffness that limits your mobility.

Normal wear and tear of aging or an injury (such as an ACL tear) can cause symptoms of OA to develop.

Most people with OA typically experience pain in the joints of the knees, hips, lower back, hands, and neck. The discomfort tends to increase at nighttime or after completing a physical activity, such as household chores or exercise. Other symptoms may include:

Stiffness in the morning or after prolonged periods of inactivity
Decreased joint mobility or flexibility
Clicking sounds when bending the joint
Joint swelling
Weak muscles around the affected joint

Not everyone will get OA as they age. While the condition is common in people over 50, younger people may also develop symptoms of osteoarthritis. Factors like joint injury, obesity, muscle weakness, and having a family history of OA can all increase your risk of developing the condition at an earlier age.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune condition that causes your immune system to mistakenly attack your joints. Researchers don't know the exact cause of RA, but a combination of genetics and environmental factors (like infection or stress) can trigger your immune system. After the immune system becomes activated, it attacks the synovium (the lining of your joints), causing a range of symptoms like pain and stiffness.

RA usually starts in the feet and ankles and tends to affect the same joint on both sides of your body. People with RA often experience joint stiffness in the morning that lasts longer than 30 minutes. Other symptoms of this condition include:

Extreme fatigue
Low-grade fever
Muscle weakness.

You may be at an increased risk of developing these symptoms if you were assigned female at birth, are middle-aged, or have a family history of this condition.

Psoriatic Arthritis

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is another autoimmune condition that occurs when your immune system attacks healthy cells in your joint tissue and skin. Many people who develop PsA also have an underlying diagnosis of psoriasis—a common skin condition that causes inflamed patches of itchy skin. However, it is possible to develop PsA without having psoriasis—though this is rare.

If you develop PsA, you may experience the following symptoms:

Joint pain and stiffness
Swollen fingers and toes
Redness and swelling around the joints
Inflamed and discolored patches on the skin
Nail discoloration and pitting (holes in your nails)
Separation of the nail from the nail bed
Limited range of motion in your joints

Gout

Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis that occurs when your joints have an excessive buildup of uric acid (a waste product). When uric acid gets left in your body and builds up, it creates needle-like crystals around the joints, causing extreme joint pain and inflammation. Generally, gout develops in your big toe, but other body parts like your knees and elbows can also become affected.

This condition is very common, but you may have a higher chance of developing symptoms if you have an underlying diagnosis of obesity, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, hypertension (high blood pressure), and psoriasis.

When to Contact a Healthcare Provider

If you're experiencing joint pain, meet with your healthcare provider to learn how to reduce your symptoms and preserve the function of your joint. Consider reaching out to your provider if you develop any of these symptoms:

Sharp, stabbing, or constant joint pain
Limping
Joint pain that worsens at night or after exercise
Excessive swelling and tenderness around the joints

In some cases, arthritis-related conditions may lead to complications. If you have a type of arthritis and experience any of the following symptoms, it's important to seek prompt medical care:

Joints that are discolored or feel warm
New skin rashes
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Fevers or chills
Eye redness or pain

Diagnosis

If you're ready to make an appointment about your joint pain, it can help to understand the diagnostic process. In most cases, you'll see your primary care provider first to discuss your symptoms. If they think that you have arthritis, they will likely refer you to a rheumatologist—or, a doctor who specializes in inflammatory conditions that affect the joints, muscles, and bones.

During your appointment, your provider will ask about your medical history and perform a physical exam. They'll want to know if you have any underlying health conditions and check for symptoms like swelling, inflammation, stiffness, or warmth around the joints.

To learn more about your condition and overall health status, your provider may also order one or more of the following symptoms:

Blood tests: Rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies, and anti-double-stranded DNA are diagnostic tests used to detect autoimmune disorders. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein tests can also help detect inflammation.
Joint fluid analysis: This exam involves using a needle to withdraw fluid from your joint to check uric acid levels or test you for an infection that may trigger your arthritis symptoms.
Imaging tests: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computerized tomography (CT) scans, and X-rays can help to determine the extent of joint erosion and bone damage.

How To Treat Arthritis Pain

The goal of arthritis treatment is to help you better manage your pain, reduce symptoms, and improve your mobility. Over-the-counter (OTC) medications like Advil (ibuprofen) can help reduce inflammation, while Tylenol (acetaminophen) can help relieve pain. Depending on the type of arthritis you have, your provider may also order prescription-strength medication for you.

Other remedies in conjunction with medication can also help reduce symptoms. Consider the following pain-relieving treatments:

Regular physical activity: Exercise and gentle movement can help strengthen the muscles that surround the joints and relieve pain.
Heat or ice therapy: Heat can help relieve muscle pain surrounding the joint and ice plays a role in reducing inflammation. When using heat and ice therapy together, alternate which therapy you're using and apply each treatment for 15 minutes at a time. It's also helpful to use an ice pack or heating pad with a protective barrier, such as a towel.
Massage: Swedish massages can relieve stress and promote relaxation in your body, while deep-tissue massages can help improve joint pain and reduce knots in the affected areas.
Biofeedback: This mindfulness technique can help reduce pain by teaching you how to control your breathing, heart rate, and muscle responses.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): This type of psychotherapy helps you identify negative thoughts and feelings about your symptoms, which can help lower perceived stress levels and reduce pain.

A Quick Review

Many types of arthritis can cause joint pain, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout. While there's no cure for arthritis, several treatments can help reduce your pain, increase mobility, and improve your overall quality of life.

Your healthcare provider may recommend medication alongside treatments like massages, heat and ice therapy, and gentle physical activity to help you manage symptoms.

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Read the original article on Health.com.

Author: Courtney Battaglia, RN

Posted: May 18, 2024, 5:00 pm

Endocarditis

<p>KSChong / Getty Images</p> — KSChong / Getty Images

Medically reviewed by Christopher Lee, MD

Endocarditis is a rare and potentially life-threatening infection of the heart's valves or inner lining. Certain risk factors like having an underlying heart valve problem, using intravenous drugs, or living with an implanted pacemaker can increase your risk of experiencing endocarditis. Endocarditis cases have been rising in recent decades—and researchers believe that the increase in the number of people who have pacemakers may be the reason.

Bacterial infections are responsible for most cases of endocarditis, but the condition can also occur due to a fungal infection. If you develop endocarditis, you may experience symptoms like fever, chills, fatigue, and shortness of breath. See your healthcare provider if you have these symptoms or may be at risk of a heart infection. Doing so can help you get the treatment you need and prevent serious complications from occurring.

Endocarditis Symptoms

Endocarditis can be difficult to recognize since many of the symptoms can mimic the signs of other health conditions. However, if you notice the following signs of the infection, it's important to see your healthcare provider sooner rather than later:

Fever
Chills
Sweating
Fatigue
Malaise
Difficulty breathing
Chest pain that worsens when you breathe
Cough
Swelling in the legs or feet
Increased heart rate
Joint or muscle pain
Heart murmur
Blood in the urine
Loss of appetite
Unintentional weight loss

Less commonly, endocarditis can cause changes in your skin and nails. These include painful red or purple bumps on the fingertips, painless spots on the soles of the feet, and small red or brown streaks under the fingernails.

Causes

Endocarditis occurs when microorganisms enter the bloodstream and settle on the heart valves or inner lining of your heart. This can happen when there is an infection elsewhere in your body (such as on your skin or in your mouth) that allows germs to enter the bloodstream.

Bacterial infections like strep throat and staph infections are common ways these germs can enter your blood. However, some fungal infections (like candida) may also increase your risk of developing endocarditis.

Risk Factors

Your body relies on your immune system to effectively fight off infections. When your immune system isn't functioning properly, infections like endocarditis are more likely to occur. The following factors can disrupt your immune health and raise your risk of developing endocarditis:

Having a pacemaker, defibrillator, or artificial heart valve
Using intravenous drugs
Experiencing underlying heart valve problems, such as valve stenosis or regurgitation
Living with autoimmune disorders like HIV, lupus, or multiple sclerosis
Taking immunosuppressant medications

Diagnosis

If you're experiencing symptoms of endocarditis, it's important to see your healthcare provider as soon as you can to avoid complications from occurring and get the medical treatment you need. During your appointment, you can expect your provider to ask about your medical history, lifestyle habits, and symptoms. They will also perform a physical exam and use a stethoscope to check for a heart murmur.

Your provider may also order additional tests to confirm a diagnosis and identify what's causing your symptoms. These exams may include:

Blood cultures: Check for the presence of bacteria in your blood
Blood tests: Measures blood counts and liver or kidney function to look for complications
Electrocardiogram (EKG): Assess the heart's rhythm
Chest X-ray: Creates images to check for fluid in the lungs and measure the size of the heart
Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE): Uses soundwaves to assess heart function
Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE): Helps your healthcare provider properly visualize the heart

F-fluorodeoxyglucose with low-dose or contrast-enhanced computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) is becoming more common—for example, if there's an implanted device and/or lesions in the heart. FDG-PET/CT is a computed tomography (CT) scan—an imaging test that uses X-rays that generate images—with an F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) tracer, or contrast material. The FDG identifies abnormal tissue.

Endocarditis Treatments

Should you receive a diagnosis for this heart infection, your healthcare team will recommend a proper treatment plan to help reduce your symptoms. Most endocarditis treatments include antibiotics or antifungal medication to target and rid your body of the germ that's causing your infection. These medications are usually administered through an intravenous (IV) line directly into your blood, where they can kill and prevent the growth of the infection.

However, sometimes surgery is necessary to remove the infection and repair any affected valves. The following situations may require surgery:

Severe problems with the heart valves, such as regurgitation (blood leaking backward in the heart)
Heart failure, which occurs when your heart cannot provide adequate blood flow to the rest of your organs
Blood clots that travel to the heart
Endocarditis symptoms that continue despite treatment with medications

Who Helps Treat Endocarditis?

Your healthcare team will typically consist of your primary care provider, a cardiologist (a doctor who specializes in heart conditions), an infectious disease specialist, and a heart surgeon if you need surgery.

This team of providers can help guide treatment, monitor your condition, and answer any questions you have about the infection or your symptoms.

How To Prevent Endocarditis

While endocarditis is not always preventable, there are some ways to lower the risk of developing endocarditis. Some people with underlying heart problems can prevent endocarditis by taking antibiotics before certain medical procedures or dental work. However, everyone can practice the following strategies to lower the risk of a heart infection:

Practice good dental hygiene, including tooth brushing, flossing, and regular appointments with a dentist
Treat any infections, such as gum disease or bacterial skin infections, to prevent bacteria from spreading to your bloodstream
Avoid intravenous (IV) drug use

Complications

Unfortunately, endocarditis is a serious condition. Without prompt treatment, you may be at a higher risk of severe complications. These include:

Heart failure
Damage to the heart valves
Abnormal heart rhythms such as bradycardia (slow heart rate)
Stroke
Blood clots
Rupture of the heart walls

That said, if you're experiencing symptoms, seeing a healthcare provider for treatment immediately can help lower the risk of these complications and improve the overall outlook of this condition.

A Quick Review

Endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or inner lining of the heart. Bacterial and fungal infections that spread to the bloodstream are common culprits of this condition. Unfortunately, this infection is very serious and without treatment, you may experience life-threatening complications like heart failure or stroke.

If you do develop signs of the infection (such as fever, fatigue, or swelling), it's important to get treatment right away to improve your quality of life and reduce symptoms.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the survival rate for endocarditis?

The survival rate for endocarditis depends on many factors, such as the type of organism causing the infection, the size and location of the infection, and other underlying conditions. The overall survival rate globally is around 75%, meaning three out of four people with this infection successfully receive treatment and live.

How long can you have endocarditis without knowing?

Sometimes endocarditis can be present for weeks before diagnosis. Initial symptoms can be subtle, and because symptoms are common to other conditions, it can be difficult to diagnose.

Can endocarditis go away by itself?

Endocarditis requires treatment, and without treatment, survival is unlikely. Antibiotics or antifungal medications are the first-line of treatment for this infection. If medications don't help, surgery may be necessary.

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Read the original article on Health.com.

Author: Angela Ryan Lee, MD

Posted: May 18, 2024, 12:30 pm

Why Do You Cough After Eating?

Medically reviewed by Jane Kim, MD

Coughing is an important reflex that helps clear substances from your air passages. In fact, coughing during meals could save your life in an emergency. However, frequently coughing after eating (medically known as a postprandial cough) can be disruptive, frustrating, and even a sign of a more serious health condition.

While coughing after eating is common, there are many reasons why you might experience it. These underlying reasons may cause your cough to be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).

Acute coughing often stems from a single event like inhaling food or drinks into the windpipe—or, having something “go down the wrong pipe.” Chronic coughing often happens due to acid reflux or asthma. That said, getting a proper diagnosis can help you treat symptoms appropriately.

What Does Coughing After Eating Feel Like?

Symptoms of postprandial cough can vary, often based on the underlying cause that's causing your coughing. If you cough after meals, your cough may be wet or dry.

Wet coughs can stem from inhaling a liquid or increased mucus production in the back of the throat. Dry coughs may occur due to an irritant in the throat such as dust or very dry air. Depending on the cause, post-meal coughing can be a sudden, strong cough for a short time or a lingering mild cough.

Causes

There are many potential causes of coughing after eating. You might cough after a meal simply because you inhaled a sip of your drink while talking. You might live with an underlying health condition that causes irritation or increased mucus in your throat.

If you have symptoms, seeking care from your healthcare provider can help you understand the exact cause of your coughing and get the treatment you need to find relief.

Aspiration

Aspiration is the medical term for having something go down the wrong pipe. This is when you inhale food, drinks, or even saliva into your windpipe (known as the trachea) instead of pushing it into your food pipe (known as the esophagus). Coughing is a natural reflex that helps your body push the substance back out of your windpipe before it can get into your lungs.

Most people aspirate accidentally now and then. People with dysphagia (a swallowing disorder) tend to aspirate more frequently. Dysphagia has several possible causes, but they all result in trouble moving food from the mouth into the esophagus. Older people are more likely than other groups to have this condition.

You may be at an increased risk of frequent aspiration if you:

Have had a stroke
Experience dental problems
Live with health conditions such as Parkinson’s disease or muscular dystrophy
Use a feeding tube
Drink excessive alcohol

Acid Reflux

Acid reflux occurs when stomach acid flows backward into the esophagus. This is medically known as gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Acid reflux can happen to anyone once in a while. But when GER is severe or chronic, it can develop into gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). An estimated 20% of people in the United States live with GERD. A similar condition known as laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) occurs when acid backs up into the esophagus and voice box.

Both GERD and LPR commonly cause chronic coughing, especially after eating. This may be partially because the backward-flowing acid irritates the lining of the esophagus. Coughing also may happen due to other symptoms of GERD and LPR, including:

Regurgitation (stomach contents flowing back into the throat)
Increased mucus production
A feeling that something is stuck in your throat
Burning sensation in your throat
Trouble breathing

Allergies

Allergies are a major cause of chronic cough, which can happen after eating and any other time of day. An allergy develops when your body’s immune system mistakes a harmless substance for a dangerous one and tries to fight it off. This is called an allergic reaction. People can develop allergies to foods or things that exist in the environment.

Common food allergens include eggs, dairy, nuts, shellfish, and wheat. Common environmental allergens are tree pollen, pet dander, and mold.

Just as allergens can vary widely, symptoms of an allergic reaction can vary between people. Coughing after meals may be one symptom, but other symptoms may include trouble breathing or hives on your skin.

Asthma

People with asthma experience inflammation, swelling, and tightness in their airways. Coughing is one of the most common symptoms of asthma, along with wheezing and shortness of breath. In fact, coughing is the only symptom for some people with a type of asthma called cough-variant asthma.

Asthma can trigger coughing after eating for the following reasons:

Increased mucus production
Food additives
Inhaling irritants or allergens
Laughing while eating

Postnasal Drip

Postnasal drip refers to the sensation that you might feel when mucus builds up in the back of your throat. While everyone produces mucus in their throats, some conditions can increase the amount of mucus you have and cause you to cough to clear the mucus up. You might develop postnatal drip for the following reasons:

Viral infections like the common cold or influenza (flu)
Sinus infections
Allergies, especially to foods like dairy
Exposure to cold or dry air
Medications that increase mucus production

When to Contact a Healthcare Provider

Everyone coughs after eating once in a while, and coughing is usually not a cause for concern. However, if you notice that you consistently cough after meals, visit your healthcare provider for a diagnosis. Knowing what is causing the coughing can help you avoid serious complications.

Your primary care provider may refer you to an ear, nose, and throat specialist (ENT). These providers can diagnose the cause of postprandial cough by performing several tests to understand why you're experiencing symptoms. These tests might include:

Laryngoscopy: Uses a flexible or rigid scope with a light and a camera attached (endoscope) to visualize your larynx and vocal cords for inflammation, swelling, or structural abnormalities (e.g., polyps)
Upper endoscopy (EGD): Using an endoscope with a light and a camera attached to look inside your nose or throat (e.g., if GERD is the suspected cause)
Esophageal pH test: Measures how often stomach acid enters your esophagus (the tube from your throat to your stomach) and how long it stays there

Spirometry, lung function tests, or allergy tests might be used if the suspected cause is allergies or asthma.

Other imaging scans like X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans might check for signs of inflammation or injury. The modified barium swallow test is a special type of X-ray that allows your healthcare provider to see how well you swallow. These tests might be used if the provider is concerned about aspiration (inhaled substances entering your lungs).

When your primary care provider and ENT learn the underlying cause of your coughing, they can help you develop a treatment plan to offer symptom relief.

How To Treat a Cough After Meals

The goal of treatment for postprandial cough is to reduce your symptoms. Depending on the cause of your coughing, treatment options may include:

Dietary changes: If you consistently aspirate liquids, eating only thick foods can help you avoid coughing. If food allergies or asthma are causing your symptoms, avoiding foods that trigger coughing can be helpful. But if acid reflux is the culprit, limiting acidic, spicy, and fatty foods, as well as caffeine and alcohol can offer relief.
Medications: Antacids, H2 blockers, and proton-pump inhibitors can help manage the symptoms of GERD and LPR. Anti-inflammatory medications or bronchodilators (inhalers) can help open up your airways if you have asthma. Over-the-counter antihistamines can also help manage symptoms if you have food or environmental allergies.

How To Prevent Coughing After Eating

If your coughs after eating a meal are bothersome, there are some ways to limit your coughing episodes. Consider these prevention strategies:

Eat slowly
Try not to talk while you eat
Do not eat while lying down
Lie down two to three hours after completing a meal
Drink water to thin out the mucus in your throat
Treat underlying health conditions (such as GERD or asthma)
Take recommended over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acid reflux and environmental allergies

Complications

Each cause of coughing after eating has its own possible complications, including:

Aspiration: If coughing doesn't help your food or drinks go into the correct pipe, inhaled substances will enter the lungs. This brings bacteria into the lungs, which can lead to aspiration pneumonia, which is a medical emergency. Choking is another and more common compilation of aspirating food.
GERD: Acid reflux often leads to heartburn (acid indigestion)—a burning or painful sensation in the chest. Over time, GERD can lead to tooth enamel decay and a hoarse voice. In serious cases, GERD can lead to inflammation, constriction, sores, and bleeding in the esophagus.
Allergies: An extreme allergic response can cause anaphylaxis. This is a life-threatening body-wide response that needs emergency medical attention. If you suddenly have trouble breathing, confusion, light-headedness, or heartbeat changes after eating, call 911 or visit the emergency department as soon as possible.

A Quick Review

Postprandial coughing, or coughing after meals, can have many causes ranging from food entering the wrong pipe or living with underlying health conditions like asthma.

You can limit and manage how often you're coughing after meals with remedies such as medications and dietary changes. Because chronic coughing after eating can sometimes lead to serious complications, early diagnosis and treatment are key.

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Read the original article on Health.com.

Author: Sarah Hudgens

Posted: May 18, 2024, 6:00 am

Young Adults Are Falling for Skin Cancer Myths, Survey Finds

Fact checked by Nick Blackmer

A new survey found that many Americans are misinformed about skin cancer and sun protection.
Young adults in particular were more likely to believe skin cancer myths.
Experts blame social media for perpetuating misinformation about skin cancer.

Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States, with more than 3 million people diagnosed each year. But, according to a new survey, many Americans are misinformed about skin cancer prevention and sun protection.

The survey, conducted by Ipsos on behalf of the Orlando Health Cancer Institute, polled over a thousand people over 18.

Results showed that nearly a third of respondents believed a tan makes people look better and healthier, and 35% weren’t sure if having a “base tan” prevents skin cancer.

Of any age range, adults younger than 35 were most likely to believe skin cancer myths—23% said they think that staying hydrated prevents sunburn, and 14% agreed that using sunscreen poses more harm to the skin than sun exposure.

In reality, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says there’s no such thing as a safe tan. And the best ways to protect against skin cancer are to avoid unnecessary sun exposure and regularly apply sunscreen.

So why are people so misinformed about skin cancer? And what else should you know when it comes to skin cancer prevention? Here’s what experts had to say.

<p>bymuratdeniz / Getty Images</p> — bymuratdeniz / Getty Images

What’s Behind the Misinformation?

Experts pointed to social media as the main reason why people fall prey to skin cancer myths.

“More and more of us get our news and information from social media platforms,” Rajesh Nair, MD, an oncology surgeon at the Orlando Health Cancer Institute, told Health. “Unfortunately, this allows easy spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories that are framed in attractive ways.”

Joshua Zeichner, MD, director of cosmetic and clinical research in dermatology at The Mount Sinai Hospital, agreed. “With so much information, and more importantly, misinformation on social media, I find that more and more consumers are believing the wrong advice,” he told Health.

The problem with social media, said Ife J. Rodney, MD, founding director of Eternal Dermatology + Aesthetics, is that “this misinformation is able to reach larger portions of the population and spreads like wildfire.”

Take the clip from reality star Kristin Cavallari’s January 16 episode of her “Let’s Be Honest” podcast. In the clip, which recently made the rounds on TikTok, Cavallari told her guest, functional and eastern medicine practitioner Ryan Monahan, that she doesn’t wear sunscreen and then prompted him to explain “why we maybe don’t need sunscreen.”

Monahan went on to make the false claim that eating an anti-inflammatory diet, creating an “antioxidant reservoir” in the body, and developing a “base coat” of a tan through gradual sun exposure can allow you to be outside without getting burned.

Nair said he finds the widespread arguments against sunscreen use “most troubling,” and thinks people might be more willing to accept sunscreen myths over other misinformation because putting on sunscreen is a pain, and certain types can exacerbate acne. “When something feels like a chore, it becomes a lot easier to believe misinformation steering you away from that practice,” he said.

What You Need to Know About Skin Cancer Prevention

With one in five Americans developing skin cancer during their lifetime, experts say it’s vital that people understand how the disease works.

There are two forms of skin cancer: non-melanoma and melanoma, which is less common but more deadly.

Both types are caused by genes and environmental factors. One of the biggest hazards is exposure to sunlight’s ultraviolet rays, which can cause cancer by damaging skin cell DNA and leading to abnormal growth.

Drinking water won’t prevent sun damage, as some survey respondents believe, but you have other options for protecting yourself.

The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) suggests seeking shade when possible, especially between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. when the rays are strongest, and wearing a wide-brimmed hat, sunglasses with UV protection, and other protective gear.

Despite claims that suggest otherwise, sunscreen is generally safe and can also significantly reduce your risk of skin cancer. Per the AAD, opt for a water-resistant product with broad-spectrum protection and an SPF of at least 30, and remember to reapply every two hours (or after you swim or sweat).

“Even Black people and people with type III Mediterranean skin sometimes feel like they don’t need to wear sunscreen—that’s completely false,” Rodney said. “The fact is that cumulative sun exposure can contribute to certain types of skin cancer, even if you don’t burn as easily. Nobody is immune.”

Keep in mind that while suntanned skin might look like a sign of health, the opposite is true. That bronzed look is simply a signal that your skin has been affected by UV rays and produced more melanin, or pigment, to prevent further damage.

“The risks associated with UV light exposure, such as the development of skin cancer, to give you that tan is not worth it,” Zeichner said. “So instead of getting a tan from the sun, try using a sunless tanner from a bottle.”

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Read the original article on Health.com.

Author: Korin Miller

Posted: May 17, 2024, 8:00 pm

What Causes Blood Clots in Lungs (Pulmonary Embolism)?

<p>ArtistGNDphotography / Getty Images</p> — ArtistGNDphotography / Getty Images

Medically reviewed by Brian Bezack, DO

A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot (embolus) develops in a deep vein in your leg, breaks free, and travels through the bloodstream to a pulmonary artery (blood vessel) in your lung. Several causes ranging from underlying health conditions, vein injuries, and high estrogen levels can increase your risk of a blood clot in your lungs.

The pulmonary arteries carry low-oxygen blood from your heart to your lungs, where the blood picks up oxygen. The heart then pumps this oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body's tissues and organs.

When a pulmonary embolism blocks blood flow and disrupts the normal oxygenation process, it can lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, chest pain, and rapid heart rate. Left untreated, PE can cause damage to the body's vital organs due to lack of oxygen.

Thrombus (Blood Clot)

A thrombus, or blood clot, is the leading cause of pulmonary embolism (PE). A thrombus typically forms in a deep vein in your lower leg, pelvis, thigh, or arm—a condition known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot breaks away from the leg (or arm), travels through the bloodstream, and lodges in one of the lungs' arteries.

Several factors can contribute to your risk of developing DVT, including:

Injury to a vein: Damage to a vein in the leg or arm from a severe muscle injury, bone fracture, or major surgery
Slow blood flow: Low physical activity levels, bed rest (e.g., after surgery), and sitting for a long time with crossed legs—which can slow blood flow
Elevated estrogen levels: Higher than normal estrogen levels caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, or hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Chronic conditions: Heart disease, lung disease, cancer and cancer treatments, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Air Embolism

An air embolism occurs when one or more air bubbles enter the bloodstream and travel to the lungs, blocking a pulmonary artery. Air can enter the bloodstream during medical procedures such as:

Intravenous (IV) catheter: Placement or removal of an IV catheter, which might allow air to flow through veins
Surgery: For example, cardiac or brain surgery
Endoscopy: Uses a thin, flexible, lighted tube with a camera (endoscope) to examine the inside of the body
Angiography: Uses injected dye to view the inside of arteries and blood vessels
Needle biopsy of the lungs: Taking a small tissue sample with a long, very thin needle and sending it to a laboratory for evaluation

You might develop an air embolism as a result of traumatic injury to the chest, such as blunt force trauma (e.g., direct blows to the chest) and penetrative injuries (e.g., gunshot wounds).

These types of embolisms can also occur in deep-sea divers who ascend from the ocean too quickly or do not sufficiently exhale as their lungs fill with air when rising to the surface after a dive.

Fat Embolism

A fat embolism occurs when a droplet of fat or a bone marrow particle enters the bloodstream and travels to an artery in the lungs. Common causes of fat embolisms include:

Bone fractures in a long bone, such as in the arms or legs
Liposuction procedures
Orthopedic surgeries, such as hip or knee replacements, spinal surgery, and surgery on the hands, wrists, feet, or ankles
Bone marrow necrosis (damage and destruction of bone marrow cells), which can occur with sickle cell disease or cancer treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy

Amniotic Fluid Embolism

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare, life-threatening complication that affects pregnant people before, during, or immediately following labor and childbirth. AFE occurs when fetal cells or amniotic fluid (the fluid that surrounds an unborn baby) enter the pregnant parent's bloodstream and cause respiratory distress, cardiac arrest, or excessive bleeding.

In the past, experts believed that the amniotic fluid or fetal cells would block a pulmonary artery, similar to a blood clot that causes a pulmonary embolism. However, recent research suggests that AFE is an overactive immune response to exposure to the amniotic fluid or fetal cells. More research is needed to determine exactly what causes AFE.

Tumor Embolism

A tumor embolism occurs when cancer cells break away from a tumor and travel through the bloodstream to a pulmonary artery, where they can multiply, form a tumor, and block blood flow. Tumor embolisms are a rare complication of certain types of adenocarcinomas— cancers that form in tissues that line certain organs. The following cancers may increase your risk of a blood clot in the lungs:

Liver cancer
Kidney cancer
Breast cancer
Stomach cancer
Lung cancer
Colon cancer

Septic Embolism

A septic embolism occurs when a piece of infected tissue from another body area or infectious microorganisms (such as viruses and bacteria) break off the original site of infection and travel through the bloodstream to a pulmonary artery. These embolisms can also occur when a blood clot containing infectious microorganisms breaks from a deep vein in your legs and travels to the lungs.

Intravenous (IV) drug use, right-sided infective endocarditis (a type of heart infection), and septic thrombophlebitis (an infected blood clot) are all factors that can increase your risk of this type of embolism.

Foreign Body Embolism

A foreign body embolism (FBE) occurs when small particles of nonbiological material enter the bloodstream. An FBE can migrate to a pulmonary artery, blocking blood flow. Foreign body embolism is rare and can develop in people who use intravenous drugs and inject inorganic substances, such as talc or elementary mercury.

Though rare, an FBE can also occur when material from tools healthcare providers use during medical procedures (e.g., polymer coating from coil embolizations) enter the bloodstream.

Is Pulmonary Embolism Hereditary?

Having a family history of pulmonary embolism can increase your risk of having a blood clot yourself. Studies show that some gene mutations (changes) that play a role in blood clotting are associated with a higher risk of developing blood clots, which can ultimately lead to PE. Inheriting these gene mutations (changes) may alter the balance of clotting factors in your blood, making clots more likely to form.

Genetic mutations for blood clots are known as inherited thrombophilia. The following genetic mutations are associated with an increased risk of abnormal blood clotting and blood clot formation:

Factor V Leiden: Mutations in the F5 gene affect your body's ability to form blood clots in response to an injury.
Antithrombin deficiency: Mutations in the SERPINC1 gene cause low levels of antithrombin protein, which controls blood clotting.
Protein C deficiency: Mutations in the PROC gene cause insufficient production of protein C, which controls blood clotting.
Protein S deficiency: Mutations in the PROS1 gene, which controls the production of protein S, can cause a lack of proteins that help promote blood clot formation.

Genetics alone doesn't guarantee that you'll experience pulmonary embolism. However, genetic mutations alongside other risk factors (such as high estrogen levels or an injury to the vein) may increase your risk of developing a blood clot in the lungs.

Who Gets a Pulmonary Embolism?

Anyone can develop a pulmonary embolism, but some people are more likely to experience the condition than others. Consider the following non-modifiable risk factors:

Age: The risk of PE increases with age. PE is more common in people ages 40 and up, partly due to changes in blood composition and vein function as you age.
Sex: People assigned female at birth have higher risks of blood clots in the lungs due to higher levels of estrogen due to menstruation, pregnancy, and taking contraception.
Ethnicity: Black people have higher rates of pulmonary embolism and PE-related deaths compared to other racial backgrounds. Systemic disparities in healthcare access and racial bias from providers might play a role. More cultural competency and inclusivity in healthcare remain necessary to lower the risk of PE-related deaths in Black communities.

For more information on support groups, education and advocacy efforts, and general resources about pulmonary embolism, please visit the National Blood Clot Alliance's services website here.

Risk Factors

Several environmental and lifestyle factors can also increase your risk of developing a blood clot in your lungs.

Medical History

Some conditions are associated with a higher risk of developing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, including:

Heart disease
Interstitial lung disease (ILD)
Cancer
Obesity
Varicose veins
COVID-19
Varicose veins
Pregnancy
Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as lupus
Prior history of DVT or PE
Recent surgery

Geography

Surprisingly, geographic location and weather patterns can also influence the risk of pulmonary embolism.

Studies show that rates of pulmonary embolism and PE mortality rates increase during the winter months. Researchers suggest a combination of lower activity levels, cold temperatures affecting blood flow, and higher incidences of respiratory infections may play a role in the increased PE and PE-related mortality rates in the winter.

Living in an area with high pollution rates is also associated with a higher risk of pulmonary embolism.

Lifestyle

The following lifestyle factors may also affect your likelihood of developing a blood clot in your lungs. For example, sitting for long periods (such as during a flight or car ride), bed rest, and smoking can all increase your risk of PE. Healthcare providers recommend getting light to moderate activity daily and limiting your tobacco intake to reduce these risks.

Medications

Certain medications can affect your body's blood clotting processes and increase the risk of pulmonary embolism, including:

Oral contraceptives (birth control pills)
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Antipsychotic medications such as Abilify (Aripiprazole), Risperdal (risperidone), and Haldol (haloperidol)

A Quick Review

A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot travels to your lungs and blocks a pulmonary artery (blood vessel). Most PEs develop when a blood clot originating in the legs breaks away and travels through the bloodstream before getting lodged into a pulmonary artery.

While blood clots are the leading cause, other embolisms, including air bubbles, foreign bodies, fat, and cancer cells, can also cause PE. People with a family history of DVT or PE also have an increased risk of PE.

Other risk factors include medical conditions like heart and lung disease, recent surgery or hospitalization, lifestyle habits like smoking, and taking medications like oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy.

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Author: Lindsay Curtis

Posted: May 17, 2024, 7:00 pm

Nearly 900,000 Yogi Tea Bags Recalled Over High Levels of Pesticide Residue

Nearly 900,000 bags of Organic Yogi Echinacea Immune Support tea have been voluntarily recalled, according to an FDA notice.
East West Tea Company, makers of the recalled tea, initiated the recall due to higher levels of pesticides.
The recall was initaited on March 12 and is ongoing; anyone who may have the tea should not drink it and dispose of it immediately.

More than 54,000 boxes of East West Tea Company tea have been recalled due to traces of pesticides detected in one of the company's organic teas, according to a notice shared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

The company’s Organic Yogi Echinacea Immune Support tea was voluntarily recalled “because pesticide residues were detected above action levels,” the FDA said. The tea was distributed nationwide. The recall was initiated on March 12 and is ongoing.

The impacted products were sold in boxes of four or six packs, both with 16-bags per pack. In all, nearly 900,000 bags of tea are being recalled. The recalled boxes have the UPC number 0 76950 45010 3 and more than 30 different lot codes, all of which can be found below.

0000184330	0000184853	0000185098	0000185100	0000185383	0000185385
0000185387	0000185389	0000185434	0000185436	0000185828	0000185830
0000185832	0000186519	0000186521	000184062	0000186900	0000186902
0000186904	0000187357	0000187359	0000187400	0000187402	0000187769
0000188028	0000188030	0000188045	0000188114	0000186600	0000186910
0000187155	0000184691	0000184963	0000185381	0000185518

The recall is considered a Class III recall, which the FDA says means that it’s "a situation in which use of or exposure to a violative product is not likely to cause adverse health consequences."

The FDA did not reveal which pesticides were detected in the tea or at what level the pesticides were detected.

Concerns About Pesticides in Tea

Pesticides are widely used to control pests like insects, rodents, weeds, bacteria, mold and fungus, per the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). However, pesticides are toxic. At certain levels, they can impact the nervous system, or irritate your skin or eyes. Some are also carcinogens, meaning they can cause cancer, or may impact your hormones or endocrine system.

The FDA has a pesticide residue monitoring program that is used to make sure that chemical residues in foods don’t exceed limits and tolerances set by the EPA. (The EPA’s limits vary by pesticide.)

The FDA states online that the agency monitors more than 4,000 food samples a year “using a multi-residue method that analyzes approximately 800 different pesticide chemical residues in a single analysis and selective residue methods that detect pesticide chemical residues not covered by the multi-residue method.”

The best way to avoid pesticides in food is to choose organic products from popular brands. While an organic label doesn’t mean a food is completely pesticide-free, it should mean the food was grown and processed without using synthetic fertilizers or pesticides.

It’s not clear how the pesticides got into the tea bags or how they were discovered. If you happen to have these teas at home, don’t use them. It’s not clear if the East West Tea Company will offer refunds or exchanges. A representative for the East West Tea Company did not immediately respond to Health’s request for comment.

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Author: Korin Miller

Posted: May 17, 2024, 6:55 pm

What Is the Difference Between ADHD and Autism?

A boy uses a fidget toy and holds a pencil while trying to do schoolwork. A woman is pointing to the paper.

Medically reviewed by Kira Graves, PhD

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are the two most common kinds of neurodevelopmental disorders, which are conditions that develop during childhood that impact how you learn, think, communicate, and behave.

ADHD and autism can both affect your personal, social, school, and work life. However, the way they affect these areas of your life is different.

ADHD primarily affects attention and impulsivity, which can result in social rejection. ASD directly impacts social communication and interaction, which can prevent you from developing and maintaining relationships since you may be unable to adjust your behavior to various social settings.

In the United States, about 10% of children and 4% of adults have ADHD. About 2% or 3% of children and adults in the U.S. have ASD.

Symptoms of ADHD vs. Autism

While both ADHD and ASD affect your attention span, social interactions, speech, movement, self-control, and impulsivity, the specific ways they impact each area can differ. With both conditions, other people may perceive the symptoms as a lack of boundaries or social awkwardness, which may lead to social isolation or rejection.

ADHD	Autism
Difficulty listening and focusing (inattention)	Hyperfocused on certain interests
Interrupting or intruding on others	Social disengagement
Hard time fitting in or making friends	Isolation and indifference
Excessive talking	Repetition of words or using words in unusual ways (like using the term “feet warmers” instead of “socks”)
Restless, fidgety	Repetitive behaviors and actions
Poor self-control and tantrums from impulsivity	Tantrums from inability to tolerate change
Lack of personal or physical boundaries	Lack of personal or physical boundaries
Easily overwhelmed by the senses (loud sounds, bright lights, smells, etc.)	Easily overwhelmed or underwhelmed by senses (loud sounds, bright lights, smells, tastes, etc.)
Forgetful or easily distracted	Need for sameness and routine

Differences

Although ADHD and autism are the two most common developmental disorders, they are different in prevalence, severity, when they appear, how they are diagnosed, and how they are treated.

ADHD Is More Common

ADHD is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood that can persist into adulthood. ADHD affects around 10% of children and 4% of adults in the U.S.

Risk factors for ADHD include differences in temperament, low birth weight, history of child abuse and neglect, exposure to toxins that harm the nervous system, infections, or exposure to alcohol while in the womb. Research also indicates that genetics play a role in the development of ADHD.

According to the most recent data, about one out of every 36 children has ASD. That means about 2% or 3% of children and adults in the U.S. have autism.

Risk factors for ASD include having a sibling with autism, having certain genetic or chromosomal conditions, experiencing complications at birth, and being born to older parents.

ASD Is Usually Diagnosed Earlier

Although both disorders are diagnosable in children, ASD symptoms can typically be recognized earlier. Signs of autism can be seen when a child is as young as 12-24 months. Signs of ADHD can initially be noticed in the first 12 years of life, though ADHD is often diagnosed when a child is in elementary school.

This variance in age at diagnosis is due to the differences in the conditions’ symptoms. Autism can be identified in infants who aren’t meeting their developmental milestones for communication, social interaction, or motor and cognitive skills.

Meanwhile, ADHD is most often identified when a child starts elementary school since this is when inattention can be more obvious and impairing. If a child is diagnosed with ADHD earlier, such as in preschool, the main symptom leading to the diagnosis is usually hyperactivity.

Symptoms associated with autism can also be more obvious, such as delayed language and social skills. ADHD symptoms can appear in ways that some might consider normal behaviors in toddlers, such as excessive motor activity, so there might be a delay in diagnosis.

Healthcare Providers Use Different Diagnostic Tests

ADHD can be diagnosed by mental health professionals, like psychologists or psychiatrists, or by a primary care provider, like a pediatrician. Providers refer to criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) to identify symptoms for diagnosis. ADHD can also be diagnosed using a neuropsychological assessment, which assesses how the brain functions and may include tests on factors like memory.

Diagnosing autism can be more complex. Children are typically screened for developmental delays during their routine wellness check-ups. If delays are detected, they may be referred to a team of healthcare providers for further testing. This team could include child neurologists, developmental pediatricians, speech-language pathologists, child psychologists and psychiatrists, educational specialists, and occupational therapists.

The diagnostic evaluation for autism is often more wide-sweeping than it is for ADHD. The diagnostic process for autism can include medical and neurological examinations and observation of the child’s behavior. They might assess the child’s cognitive and language abilities, as well as age-appropriate skills needed to complete daily activities like eating and getting dressed.

The diagnostic process for autism will also likely include an in-depth conversation with the caregivers about the child’s behavior and development. The provider may also want to conduct blood and hearing tests.

If you’re an adult and think you may have signs of autism, you can ask your healthcare provider for a referral for an ASD evaluation. Although evaluation for autism in adults is still being developed, adults may be referred to a neuropsychologist, psychologist, or psychiatrist who has experience with ASD.

The Treatment Options for ADHD and Autism Aren’t the Same

While symptoms of ADHD and ASD can be managed through medication, ongoing therapy treatments vastly differ.

Children with ADHD can be treated with behavior therapy, and their caregivers can go through behavior management training to help their child cope. Adults with ADHD can manage their symptoms with psychotherapy (talk therapy) and skills coaching. In their therapy sessions, children and adults can learn organizational skills and calming techniques.

ASD treatment is more varied. ASD treatment involves learning social, communication, and language skills. A mental healthcare provider may help you reduce behaviors that interfere with daily functioning and learn life skills for living independently.

ASD treatment can involve applied behavior analysis, where therapists encourage behaviors and skills that will help you cope with your ASD. Other forms of treatment, including speech and language therapy, occupational therapy (OT), and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may also be involved.

OT is a form of rehabilitation therapy that helps you improve your ability to carry out daily tasks. CBT is a form of therapy that helps you identify thoughts and behaviors that may negatively affect your life and restructure them into positive and healthier patterns.

Similarities

ADHD and ASD are similar in when they develop, the demographic they impact, and their mental health risks. And while treatment is one of their differences, it’s also one of their similarities.

Both Start in Childhood and Are More Common Among Boys

ADHD and autism both begin in childhood. Sometimes these conditions are not diagnosed until adulthood—that doesn’t mean the condition was not present in childhood; it just means it went undiagnosed. In fact, one of the diagnostic criteria for ADHD is that the symptoms had to have been present before the age of 12.

While both conditions start in childhood, they also both continue through adulthood. However, for some people, ADHD symptoms may become milder over the years, which is why ADHD rates are lower among adults than children.

ADHD and autism are more often diagnosed in males than females. About 13% of boys and 6% of girls are diagnosed with ADHD. Meanwhile, autism is four times more common among boys than girls.

Medication Can Help Manage Symptoms

While there are no medications that can lead to a complete reversal of ADHD or ASD, medications are available to help manage symptoms.

ADHD may be managed with stimulants and non-stimulants. Stimulants have a calming effect on children with ADHD who are hyperactive. Non-stimulants can improve focus, attention, and impulsivity. Non-stimulants are usually prescribed if you have side effects from stimulants. They may also be prescribed in combination with stimulants to increase effectiveness.

Medications can’t treat the core symptoms of ASD, but they can help manage co-occurring symptoms. For instance, certain medications can help manage high energy levels, inability to focus, or self-harming behavior like head banging or hand biting. Medication can also help manage co-occurring conditions like anxiety or depression.

Both ADHD and Autism Have Negative Long-Term Effects if Undiagnosed

People with ADHD and autism report trouble with getting appropriate support, diagnosis, and treatment for difficulties associated with their conditions.

Research has shown that these troubles can lead to poorer outcomes for the person and their families.

For example, someone with ADHD or autism who doesn’t get the proper diagnosis or support can have academic struggles and an increased prevalence of depression and anxiety. They may also have higher rates of imprisonment, divorce, driving accidents, unemployment, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and other mental health issues.

Can You Have Both ADHD and Autism?

It’s possible to have both ADHD and ASD. About 14% of children with ADHD also have autism, and 50-70% of people with autism also have ADHD.

Research suggests that people who have both conditions often experience more impairment in their lives than people who have just one of the conditions. This includes greater challenges with mental, emotional, and social factors.

However, research on how having the two conditions can affect people is still early. That’s because the previous version of the DSM—based on its exclusion criteria in the diagnosis of autism—didn’t allow for a dual diagnosis of ADHD and autism. Now that a dual diagnosis is allowed, more research can be done.

When To Seek Care and Who To Contact

If symptoms of ADHD or ASD impair your or your loved one’s daily functioning in areas of your life such as school, work, and relationships, you may want to consider setting up an appointment with a primary healthcare provider or mental health professional. Children might even be able to use services at school.

If your insurance or the medical office requires it, the primary care provider can refer you to a neurologist, psychologist, or psychiatrist. These specialists can help diagnose and manage your symptoms.

A Quick Review

ADHD and autism are two of the most common types of neurodevelopmental disorders that start in childhood and persist into adulthood. The conditions share several similarities and differences.

ADHD and autism can both affect the way you interact, focus, speak, and act. They are both more commonly diagnosed in boys, and their symptoms can be managed through therapy and medication. However, the age at which ADHD and autism are diagnosed, how they are diagnosed, and the specific symptoms they cause can be different.

It’s also possible to have both conditions. If you suspect you or a loved one has ADHD or autism, consider visiting a healthcare provider to talk about symptoms and potential next steps.

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Read the original article on Health.com.

Author: Sharon Kwon, LCSW

Posted: May 17, 2024, 4:00 pm

Nail Psoriasis

<p>Yulia Naumenko / Getty Images</p> — Yulia Naumenko / Getty Images

Medically reviewed by Brendan Camp, MD

Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease that causes scaly, raised patches on different body parts, including the knees, elbows, scalp, hands, and feet. Nail psoriasis is a subset of this autoimmune condition. It affects as many as 80% of people with psoriasis.

People with nail psoriasis won’t develop scaly patches on their nails, but distinct symptoms—like pitting and discoloration—can be a sign your nails are affected by psoriasis. Some people develop nail psoriasis several years after their initial psoriasis diagnosis, but others notice psoriasis symptoms on their nails first, without ever seeing any patches on their skin. Whenever it occurs, nail psoriasis can affect your quality of life.

Nail Psoriasis Symptoms

The most common symptom of psoriasis is inflamed patches of skin that may look red, raised, thick, dry, or scaly. However, psoriasis affects the nails a bit differently. Symptoms of nail psoriasis include:

Nail pitting: These are small indentations in the nail plate (the hard part of your nail). You may have one or several pits on affected nails.
Hyperkeratosis: An overgrowth of cells can build up under the nail and cause a white, chalky substance to accumulate. This can cause a gap to form under the nail and can be painful.
Discoloration: Nails may turn yellow or brown. Sometimes, they may develop an “oil drop” or “salmon patch,” a circular discoloration that looks like a brownish stain on the nail.
Onycholysis: This is the separation of the nail plate from the nail bed (the soft skin and tissue beneath your nail plate).
Onychomycosis: The nail can develop a fungal infection that causes it to become thicker than normal.
Weakening or crumbling: Nails can become weak enough to break down and crumble.

What Causes Nail Psoriasis?

Most people with nail psoriasis have psoriatic inflammation, such as plaque psoriasis (skin cells multiply more rapidly and create discolored skin patches) or psoriatic arthritis (PsA), which causes joint and skin inflammation. Because psoriatic diseases cause the immune system to overproduce skin cells, any psoriatic inflammation can affect the nail bed or the skin around the nail, causing changes to its structure and appearance.

Some other autoimmune diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and lupus, can be associated with nail changes that may resemble those seen in psoriatic arthritis. However, these conditions don't cause nail psoriasis.

Risk Factors

There are no risk factors specific only to nail psoriasis, but some things increase your risk of developing psoriasis or PsA—both of which often lead to nail psoriasis.

Family history: Psoriatic diseases have a genetic component. They may run in families, meaning you're more likely to develop one if a parent, grandparent, brother, or sister has one.
Certain medications: Some drugs—like beta-blockers, lithium, and certain antibiotics—are associated with an increased risk of developing psoriasis
Stress: Stress is a risk factor for many autoimmune diseases, including psoriatic disease. Chronic stress can trigger an extreme inflammatory response and lead to symptom flares in people with existing psoriatic conditions.
Infections: Psoriasis is caused by a heightened immune system response, so serious infections (especially strep throat) can trigger the initial symptoms.
Skin injury: Physical injury to the skin, including severe sunburns, can trigger an overgrowth of skin cells during the healing process.

Diagnosis

Nail psoriasis can affect the nail plate and the nail bed (skin and tissues beneath and around the nail plate). Diagnosing nail psoriasis usually includes a physical exam by a healthcare provider and additional testing to rule out other causes, like fungal infection.

Many skin conditions can cause similar changes to the nail plate and nail bed. Unless you have already been diagnosed with another type of psoriatic disease or show symptoms of a condition like psoriasis rash or joint inflammation, providers often can’t rely on a physical exam alone. Your provider may recommend procedures like the following:

Dermatoscopy: Your provider uses a high-powered light and magnifying lens to examine your nails for signs of psoriasis versus other common nail infections or defects.
Capillaroscopy: Similar to dermatoscopy, capillaroscopy is an up-close examination of the capillaries (small blood vessels) within the nail fold—the skin at the base of your nail. With simple tools, providers can magnify these capillaries and look for defects in appearance, which can help them diagnose psoriatic disease.
Biopsy: Your provider might collect a biopsy (small skin sample) from the nail bed and send it to a laboratory for evaluation.

Nail Psoriasis Treatment

You can’t cure nail psoriasis or its inflammatory causes, but treatments can improve your symptoms. Most treatments for mild to moderate symptoms are topical and only applied to symptomatic areas. More severe symptoms are often treated systemically with medications that affect the immune system as a whole.

Topical

Steroid creams and vitamin-based treatments can be applied to mildly affected nails for several months at a time to treat symptoms like discoloration, pitting, build-up, and separation of the nail plate from the nail bed.

In moderate cases of nail psoriasis, your provider may recommend steroid injections under the nail or laser treatments to help improve your symptoms.

Systemic

Because nail psoriasis is part of inflammatory psoriatic disease, it can be treated—in more severe cases—with disease-modifying drugs like methotrexate. In some cases, biologics (drugs made in laboratories using living cells) can also be effective.

These drugs are taken orally or by injection. They're usually reserved for people experiencing skin or joint symptoms as well as nail symptoms.

Prevention

Psoriasis is an autoimmune condition. If you have it, there may not be any way to prevent it from affecting your nails at some point. Factors like stress, illness, and injury can also trigger psoriasis, but it’s often not possible to prevent those things from happening.

However, you can take steps to reduce your symptoms and prevent symptom flares if you have psoriasis or nail psoriasis. Here are some ideas:

Keep nails clean and dry to prevent build-up of dirt and germs under the nail
Protect your nails from injury by wearing gloves when doing manual labor
Keep nails moisturized with oil- or ointment-based creams and lotions
Don’t pick at or bite your nails, nail beds, or cuticles, and don’t scrape under the nails to clean them with sharp tools
Avoid intensive nail treatments, like acrylic or gel nails

Related Conditions

Nail psoriasis doesn’t typically lead to other health conditions, but psoriasis can. There are many possible comorbidities (conditions that occur with psoriasis), but the most common ones are:

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA): PsA occurs in about 30% of people with psoriasis, causing joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. Nail involvement is a visible indicator to predict future joint inflammatory damages and disease activity.
Heart disease: Chronic inflammation due to moderate to severe psoriasis can increase your risk of cardiovascular problems, including heart attack and stroke.
Type 2 diabetes: Psoriasis increases a person’s risk of developing type 2 diabetes. This may be because psoriasis inflammation affects insulin resistance, the body’s ability to balance blood sugar levels.
Obesity: Obesity can be a comorbidity or a trigger for psoriasis. It can result from other health conditions (like diabetes and heart disease) common in people with psoriasis or contribute to the heightened immune response that causes psoriasis.

Living With Nail Psoriasis

Nail psoriasis won’t affect your life expectancy or cause other health conditions. However, if your nail psoriasis occurs in the context of another inflammatory disease, like psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis (PsA), it can affect your overall quality of life.

People with mild psoriasis and PsA don’t typically have a lower life expectancy. People with moderate to severe forms of both conditions may live a few years less on average. Early diagnosis, treatment, and management of your condition can help improve your life expectancy.

Having severe nail psoriasis can be painful, embarrassing, and frustrating. If you’re concerned about the physical appearance of your nails or experiencing discomfort, talk to your healthcare provider about treatments to help reduce symptoms, prevent flares, and slow down the progression of the condition.

Frequently Asked Questions

What's the difference between nail psoriasis and nail fungus?

Many nail fungus symptoms are similar to symptoms of nail psoriasis—including discoloration, thickening, and build-up under the nail. However, nail fungus is caused by an infection, not an autoimmune disease.

Fungal infections of the nail are more common in people with nail psoriasis, so it can be difficult to tell the difference.

What vitamin deficiency causes nail psoriasis?

Some studies suggest that low vitamin D levels are more common in people with psoriatic disease, but other studies haven't found a connection. It’s possible that a severe vitamin D deficiency could lead to nail psoriasis, but it’s not a commonly known cause.

If you have nail psoriasis, do you also have skin psoriasis?

Nail psoriasis is generally not a standalone condition—it’s caused by psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. People might develop nail psoriasis before they develop skin or joint symptoms, so it's possible to have nail psoriasis without any visible skin psoriasis. However, nail psoriasis is a sign of an underlying inflammatory autoimmune disease.

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Author: Sarah Bradley

Posted: May 17, 2024, 12:30 pm

Inflammatory Acne

<p>Anna Frank / Getty Images</p> — Anna Frank / Getty Images

Medically reviewed by Susan Bard, MD

Inflammatory acne is a type of acne breakout that causes the skin to look red or discolored, swollen, and inflamed. Like other acne, inflamed acne is caused by bacteria, oil, and dead skin cells clogging your pores. However, unlike non-inflammatory forms of acne like blackheads and whiteheads inflammatory acne triggers an immune response that leads to inflammation.

If you have inflammatory acne, you may have small or large inflamed zits, nodules, or cysts. These breakouts usually form on your face, back, chest, and shoulders. Inflammatory acne can also be very painful and increases your risk of scarring.

Over-the-counter, prescription, and professional treatments are available to help heal existing breakouts and prevent inflammatory acne from returning.

Types of Inflammatory Acne

Inflammatory acne causes moderate to severe forms of discolored, swollen acne. There are a few types of this acne which may include:

Papules: Commonly called a pimple or zit, a papule looks like a raised, red, or discolored bump on the skin. These sit on the surface of the skin.
Pustules: Papules turn into pustules if they fill with fluid called pus. These types of pimples are inflamed and contain white or yellow pus.
Nodules: Firm lumps that form underneath the skin. From the surface, they look like hard pink, red, or purple bumps. They are often more painful and larger than pustules and papules.
Cysts: Fluid-filled bumps that form deep under the skin. They are usually large, painful, and filled with pus. Cysts are the most severe type of inflammatory acne.

Symptoms

Inflammatory acne typically looks like red and pink on lighter skin tones or red and purple raised bumps on darker skin tones. Some bumps may also have yellow or white pus inside. These bumps can sit on the surface or appear to protrude from beneath deeper layers of skin. The increase in swelling and inflammation often makes inflammatory acne painful.

This type of acne can appear anywhere on your body, but it’s more common on the face, chest, shoulders, and back. You may have one small blemish or several inflammatory acne lesions. Nodules and cysts are typically larger than pimples and more likely to scar.

What Causes Inflammatory Acne?

Like other forms of acne, blocked pores lead to inflammatory acne. Pores are tiny skin openings that hold your hair follicles and have a sebaceous (oil) gland underneath them. These glands create oil (also known as sebum) to help soften the hair and skin.

Bacteria, dead skin cells, and sebum can accumulate in your pores, causing them to clog, stretch, and rupture. As a result, your immune system tells white blood cells to fight any potential infections and bacteria in your pores. This immune response leads to redness and swelling of the pores and surrounding tissue.

When pore blockage and inflammation occur in the epidermis (the top layer of skin), inflammatory papules can develop. If these start to fill with pus, they turn into pustules. Meanwhile, nodules and cysts develop from clogged pores in the subepidermal layer (the lowest layer of the epidermis) or dermis (the middle layer of skin).

Risk Factors

Anyone can develop inflammatory acne, but certain factors that increase your risk of developing inflammatory acne, include:

Age: Adolescents and teenagers going through puberty are more likely to develop inflammatory acne. They produce more androgens (male sex hormones), making sebaceous glands larger and increasing oil production.
Hygiene: Not washing your skin after sweating, picking at existing acne, and scrubbing your skin can lead to inflammatory acne. Some makeup, skincare, or haircare products can also clog pores.
Hormonal changes and conditions: Fluctuating hormones during your menstrual cycle or pregnancy can trigger inflammatory acne. People with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) also have increased androgens that can trigger breakouts. PCOS is a hormonal condition that affects the female reproductive organs.
Genetics: People with an oily skin type or a family history of acne are more likely to experience inflammatory acne. Researchers have also found gene mutations (changes) linked to excess sebum production and inflammation, which can contribute to inflammatory acne.
Medications: Corticosteroids, lithium, and hormonal medications can cause inflammatory acne as a side effect.
Diet: Foods high in sugar can spike and drop blood sugar levels, releasing hormones that increase oil production. People who consume a lot of dairy or high glycemic foods (which raise blood sugar quickly) may also experience more breakouts.

Diagnosis

A dermatologist (a doctor specializing in skin, hair, and nail conditions) will perform a physical skin examination to determine whether or not you have inflammatory acne. Skin biopsies and other laboratory tests are not necessary to diagnose inflammatory acne.

If your dermatologist thinks an underlying condition is causing your inflammatory acne, you may require additional diagnostic tests to rule out other conditions.

Treatment

Inflammatory acne treatment involves clearing existing breakouts and preventing future breakouts. A basic skincare routine that includes cleansing, moisturizing, and sunscreen is a good start. You can treat inflammatory acne with different over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription topical treatments. Your dermatologist may also suggest oral medications or procedures to target more severe inflammation.

Over-the-Counter Acne Treatments

Over-the-counter (OTC) acne treatments that you apply directly to the skin can often clear acne when applied directly to the skin, including:

Azelaic acid: This topical (applied on top of the skin) helps open clogged pores, reduce inflammation, and kill bacteria that lead to acne.
Benzoyl peroxide: This treatment reduces bacteria on the skin that can lead to inflammatory acne.
Niacinamide: This form of vitamin B3 helps reduce inflammation and regulate oil production.
Differin (adapalene): This retinoid (a derivative of vitamin A) is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat acne and increases cell turnover to clear pores.
Salicylic acid: This topical helps exfoliate away dead skin cells that can clog pores.
Glycolic acid: This alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) exfoliates and increases the collagen in your skin by getting rid of the dead skin cells on your skin quickly.

Prescription Acne Treatments

If OTC acne treatments don’t improve your inflammatory acne, a dermatologist can offer prescription-strength creams containing azelaic acid, benzoyl peroxide, or salicylic acid. Other prescription medications used to treat inflammatory acne include:

Retinoids: You can apply prescription retinoids like Tazorac (tazarotene) and Retin-A (tretinoin) topically to unclog pores and prevent future blockage.
Winlevi (clascoterone): This FDA-approved topical medication treats inflammatory acne caused by hormonal issues.
Antibiotics: Doxycycline (vibramycin), minocycline (minocin), or sarecycline (seysara) are prescribed for several months to help reduce acne-causing bacteria.
Hormonal birth control: Combined oral contraceptives, which contain estrogen and progestin, can help treat inflammatory acne caused by hormonal changes that increase oil production and breakouts.
Spironolactone (aldactone): This anti-androgen drug can help treat deep cysts caused by hormonal imbalances in people assigned female at birth.
Accutane (isotretinoin): An oral retinoid that helps treat severe nodular acne that doesn’t respond to other treatments. It can cause extreme dryness and severe birth defects if taken while pregnant.
Aczone (dapsone): Most often used as a gel, you can apply Aczone to your skin twice a day to treat acne breakouts by preventing the growth of bacteria on your skin.

Light Therapy

During light therapy, a dermatologist shoots a laser at your inflamed acne to help reduce inflammation and kill acne-causing bacteria. Different types of professional light therapy used to treat inflammatory acne include:

Blue, red, and blue + red light devices: These use visible light to treat cysts and nodules.
Infrared light: This light therapy is FDA-approved to treat papules and pustules.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT): Before using a laser or light device, a dermatologist uses a solution to make the skin more sensitive to light. This treats severe inflammatory acne, including cysts.
Photopneumatic therapy: Intense pulsed light (IPL) laser is combined with a gentle vacuum to remove excess oil and dead skin cells from pores. This is FDA-approved to treat some pimples.

Research shows light therapy is more effective when combined with other topical acne treatments. You may need to take several treatments before seeing results.

Cortisone Shots

If you have large, painful cysts or nodules, a dermatologist can inject a corticosteroid medication into your acne lesion via a microneedle. These one-time injections help shrink the wall of a swollen cyst, which helps reduce pain, redness, and swelling. They also help reduce your risk of scarring.

How To Prevent Inflammatory Acne

Skin hygiene habits and lifestyle changes can reduce your chances of future inflammatory acne breakouts. Some proven ways to help prevent inflammatory acne include:

Wash your face: Use a pH-balancing cleanser twice daily with benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid to help manage acne-causing bacteria.
Stick to your skincare routine: Don’t expect immediate results. Acne treatment regimens can take several weeks to a few months to work.
Shower after sweating: Shampoo your hair to keep excess oils off your face and shower after sweaty activities like exercise.
Avoid touching your skin: Touching, picking, popping, and squeezing inflammatory acne transfers more bacteria to your face.
Eat a balanced diet: Reduce your processed food and sugar intake. Focus on eating more nutritious foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats.
Manage stress: Try to relax with yoga, exercise, reading, or meditation to prevent stress acne.

Complications

Inflammatory acne can increase your risk of skin infections, discoloration, and scarring—especially if you pick or pop pimples or cysts. Common complications include:

Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: Flat dark spots on the skin caused by healed acne. These can take months to years to fade and are more common in darker skin tones.
Postinflammatory erythema: Flat red, pink, or purple marks on the skin leftover from inflammatory acne. These are more common in lighter skin tones.
Ice-pick scars: Small, deep, pitted scars that look like a sharp object punctured the skin.
Rolling scars: Wide, shallow scar tissue that forms under the skin, creating oval or wavy scars.
Boxcar scar: Scars that form round or oval craters in the skin.
Hypertrophic scar: A thick, raised scar caused by abnormal healing—usually on the jawline, chest, or back. These form one to two months after a breakout.
Keloid: A thick, raised scar that grows larger than the initial acne lesion. The scars usually begin to form 3-12 months after a breakout.
Papular scars: Raised bumps that look skin-colored or lighter. These scars usually form on the nose, jawline, chin, or back.

Inflammatory acne breakouts and scarring may also make you feel uncomfortable about your appearance. It's common to experience lowered self-esteem and higher risks of developing depression and anxiety.

Everyone is insecure about their appearance from time to time and we're our own harshest critics. If your condition is greatly affecting your mental health, consider seeing a mental health professional for additional support.

A Quick Review

Inflammatory acne occurs when clogged pores trigger an immune response, which leads to inflammation. Anything from hormones and genetics to puberty and diet can increase your risk of inflammatory acne.

OTC acne treatments like benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid can often help treat inflammatory acne. However, more severe forms may require prescriptions, light therapy, or cortisone shots. If you're experiencing this condition, working with a dermatologist can help you find a treatment that works for you.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is inflammatory acne cystic?

Cystic acne is a form of inflammatory acne that forms deep in the skin. However, not all inflammatory acne is cystic. Pimples, pustules (pus-filled pimples), and nodules are also types of inflammatory acne.

How long does it take for inflamed pimples to go away?

Healing time varies depending on the person. Inflamed pimples may take several days or weeks to disappear. With consistent acne treatment, it usually takes two to three months to see noticeable skin improvements.

Is inflammatory acne hormonal or bacterial?

Both changing hormone levels and bacteria can contribute to inflammatory acne. Bacteria can enter pores and cause an inflammatory immune response. Hormonal changes can also increase oil production, which clogs the pore with sebum.

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Read the original article on Health.com.

Author: Carley Millhone

Posted: May 17, 2024, 10:00 am

What Causes Swollen Lymph Nodes in the Armpit?

<p>Boy_Anupong / Getty Images</p> — Boy_Anupong / Getty Images

Medically reviewed by Soma Mandal, MD

The lymph nodes are small glands that are part of your immune system. They contain white blood cells and are responsible for filtering out harmful substances in the lymph fluid. Swollen lymph nodes (medically known as lymphadenopathy) can happen for several reasons. Infections, health conditions, and certain medications can all cause this reaction.

Fortunately, many causes of swollen lymph nodes are treatable. Several infections can be treated with antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals. Chronic health conditions like an autoimmune disorder or cancer are also treatable with medications or surgery. If your lymph nodes are swollen, meet with your healthcare provider to develop a treatment plan.

Bacterial Infections

When bacteria enter the body, they can cause a bacterial infection. When the lymph nodes detect harmful substances like bacteria, they react and become swollen. Several bacterial infections may be causing your symptoms, including the ones below.

Cellulitis

Cellulitis is the most common bacterial skin infection and occurs when bacteria like group A Streptococcus enter deeper layers of skin. This infection can cause your skin to look red, swollen, and pitted (like the peel of an orange). Other symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, a fever, and chills.

Antibiotics can help improve symptoms. You can lower your risk of cellulitis by washing your hands often and keeping wounds clean, dry, and covered.

Cat Scratch Disease

Cat scratch disease is a bacterial infection spread by cats that can occur when an infected cat licks a person’s open wound or bites or scratches to break the skin. This infection causes discolored or swollen skin, raised sores (lesions) that may contain pus, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, a fever, poor appetite, and fatigue. The lymph nodes closest to the scratch may feel painful, tender, and swollen.

The cause of cat scratch disease is a type of bacteria called Bartonella henselae. Up to 30% of cats carry this type of bacteria, and infected cats often have no symptoms. To lower your risk of cat scratch disease, never let your cat lick an open wound. If you experience a cat bite or scratch, wash the area with soap and water immediately.

Lyme Disease

Lyme disease is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which spreads from an infected tick bite. People who live near the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, Upper Midwest, and Pacific coast are at a higher risk of being exposed to infected ticks. Common symptoms of Lyme disease include rash, fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue.

When left untreated, Lyme disease may lead to heart, joint, and nervous system symptoms. These symptoms often start 3-30 days after a tick bite.

Trichomycosis

Trichomycosis is a bacterial infection of the underarm hairs, which causes irritation and discomfort in the armpit. Common symptoms of trichomycosis often include more sweat and a foul odor in the armpit. You may also notice that your sweat is yellow, red, or black. The underarm hair usually becomes thicker and more coarse as well.

Trichomycosis is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics and good hygiene.

Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Symptoms of syphilis occur in stages. The first stage may cause sores or bumps on the penis, vagina, anus, rectum, lips, or mouth. As syphilis progresses, it may lead to swollen lymph nodes.

Syphilis is curable with antibiotics.

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can spread by consuming undercooked, contaminated meat and shellfish. You might also develop this infection by drinking contaminated water and coming into contact with cat feces.

Most people exposed to toxoplasmosis do not develop symptoms because the immune system fights the infection. If you experience symptoms, you may have swollen lymph nodes and flu-like symptoms.

Early treatment is necessary. A severe infection can lead to permanent damage to the brain, eyes, and other organs.

Viral Infections

Like bacteria, many viruses cause swollen lymph nodes. This happens when the immune system recognizes the virus and fights the viral infection, which can cause a host of symptoms including swelling in the armpit's lymph nodes.

Mononucleosis

Infectious mononucleosis, commonly known as mono, is a contagious, viral infection. It typically spreads through contact with body fluids, especially saliva. This is why it is sometimes referred to as, “the kissing disease.” It can also be spread by sharing cups and utensils.

Common symptoms of mono include fatigue, fever, sore throat, headache, body aches, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck and armpits. Symptoms usually start about 4-6 weeks after the infection begins.

Antibiotics are not effective against mono. Most people get better with home remedies (like rest and nutritious foods) within two to four weeks—but symptoms may last several weeks to months.

Influenza (The Flu)

Influenza is a viral respiratory illness that infects the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs. The flu spreads through exposure to tiny droplets when a person sneezes, coughs, or talks. Symptoms usually include a fever, chills, cough, sore throat, runny nose, body aches, headache, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.

You can lower your risk of contracting the flu by receiving an annual flu shot, washing your hands frequently, and limiting contact with people with the flu.

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a serious viral illness that destroys a type of white blood cell in your immune system that helps your body fight infections. HIV greatly raises the risk of serious infections and diseases and can spread through bodily fluids like semen, vaginal fluids, and blood.

Symptoms of HIV may include fever, chills, rash, night sweats, sore throat, body aches, fatigue, mouth sores, and swollen lymph nodes. Symptoms usually come and go for the first few weeks of illness.

When diagnosed early, you can manage HIV with antiviral medications.

Shingles

Shingles is a viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the same virus that causes chickenpox. If you had chickenpox as a child, you can develop shingles as an adult. About 1 in 3 people in the United States will experience shingles at some time—and the risk tends to increase with age. However, getting the shingles vaccine can reduce your risk of the infection.

If you experience shingles, you may develop symptoms like pain, itchy skin, a painful and blister-like rash, fever, chills, headache, and swollen lymph nodes.

Shingles is treatable with antiviral medications like Zovirax (acyclovir).

Hepatitis

Hepatitis refers to the inflammation of the liver. Viral hepatitis may be caused by hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C. Many people with hepatitis do not show signs of it—but if you do develop symptoms, they may include fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, pain, dark urine, clay-colored stools, and swollen lymph nodes.

The infection may last weeks to months, but vaccines are available to prevent hepatitis from occurring.

Medical Conditions

Health conditions like autoimmune disorders and certain types of cancer may cause swollen lymph nodes in the armpits. The treatment options for these causes depend on the underlying condition you have and the severity of your symptoms.

Cancer

Certain types of cancer affect the lymph nodes. Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma are cancers that start in the lymph nodes, while leukemia affects the blood cells and may eventually cause swollen lymph nodes.

Other types of cancer may start in another area of the body and spread to the lymph nodes through the lymph fluid or blood. Cancers of the head, neck, and breast are most likely to spread to the lymph nodes in the armpits because of their proximity to your armpits.

It's important to seek care from a healthcare provider as soon as possible. The treatment plan for cancer depends on the type of cancer you have, how advanced it is, and the severity of your symptoms. Common treatment options for cancer typically include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune condition that causes the immune system to attack healthy cells in the joints, leading to inflammation. People with RA usually experience pain in the joints of the hands, wrists, or knees. Symptoms of RA often include pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints. You may also notice fever, fatigue, weight loss, weakness, and swollen lymph nodes.

Medications can help reduce symptoms.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus, more commonly known as lupus, is a chronic autoimmune condition that occurs when the immune system attacks healthy tissues in the body. Lupus affects several organs and can cause inflammation and damage to the skin, joints, heart, lungs, kidneys, blood cells, or brain. Lupus symptoms can vary widely, including pain, fever, a rash, hair loss, sores, and swollen lymph nodes.

There is no cure for lupus but medications and lifestyle changes can help you manage the condition well.

Other Potential Causes of Swollen Lymph Nodes

Several other factors can also contribute to the swelling in your lymph nodes. They may include vaccine reactions, medications, and injuries.

Vaccine Reaction

In very rare cases, a vaccine could cause a reaction affecting the lymph nodes One 2022 case study found that one person who received the COVID-19 vaccine experienced swelling in the lymph node in their armpit. The risk of this reaction may increase with subsequent (additional) vaccines. In this case study, the person experienced lymph node swelling after her third COVID-19 vaccine.

Medication Side Effects

All medications have some side effects, but certain medications raise the risk of swelling in the lymph nodes in the armpits. These drugs include:

Aloprim (allopurinol): Treats gout and kidney stones
Tenormin (atenolol): Treats high blood pressure and chest pain
Capoten (captopril): Treats high blood pressure and heart failure
Tegretol (carbamazepine): Treats seizures and bipolar disorder
Apresoline (hydralazine): Treats high blood pressure
Dilantin (phenytoin): Treats seizures
Mysoline (primidone): Treats seizure disorders
Daraprim (pyrimethamine): Treats toxoplasmosis
Cardioquin (quinidine): Treats irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias)
Clinoril (sulindac): Treats pain

Swollen lymph nodes can also be a side effect of certain drug classes that treat bacterial infection—such as Cephalosporins, Penicillins, and Sulfonamides.

Injury

Swelling in the armpit can sometimes be due to a muscle strain or injury. The muscles in and around the armpits could become sore after overusing them with lifting, pulling, throwing, or pushing motions. Injuries to the shoulder, such as a shoulder dislocation, can also lead to pain and swelling in the armpit. As the injury heals, the swelling typically goes away.

Ingrown Hair

Ingrown hairs in the armpits occur when your hair curls back into a shallow layer of the skin instead of growing outward. If you develop ingrown hair, you'll likely experience irritation, swelling, pain, bumps, and itching in the armpits.

If your ingrown hair becomes affected, it can develop into a condition called folliculitis, which may require antibiotics or antibacterial home remedies for treatment.

How To Treat Swollen Lymph Nodes

There are several treatment options for swollen lymph nodes in the armpits, but your exact treatment plan will depend on what's causing your swelling. If you have swollen lymph nodes, see your healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and begin treatment if necessary.

During your appointment, your provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history, recent symptoms, current medications, and family history. They may also order additional diagnostic tests such as blood tests, imaging studies, and lymph node biopsies.

Once your provider learns the cause of your symptoms, treatment will depend on what's causing your swollen lymph nodes. Treatment options may include:

Cause of Swollen Lymph Nodes	Recommended Treatment
Bacterial infections	Antibiotics
Viral infections	Antiviral medications and rest
Cancer	Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy
Autoimmune disorders	Immunosuppressant medications and supportive therapies
Medication side effects	Stopping the medication
Injury or ingrown hair	Self-care strategies and over-the-counter home remedies

When to Contact a Healthcare Provider

It's normal to experience swollen lymph nodes if you have an infection. As you recover, your lymph node swelling should improve. However, if your swollen lymph nodes stick around even after you're feeling better, it's a good idea to see your healthcare provider. Contact your healthcare provider urgently if you have swollen lymph nodes alongside the following symptoms:

Extreme fatigue
Unintended weight loss
Night sweats
Weakness

These symptoms may be a sign of a more serious condition, so it's important to get support right away to reduce the risk of potential complications.

A Quick Review

Lymph nodes are a part of your immune system and can become swollen if you've developed an infection, condition, or injury. There are several possible causes of swelling in your lymph nodes ranging from bacterial infections, viral infections, autoimmune disorders, cancer, and medication side effects.

Treatment will depend on the underlying cause of your symptoms, but medications, therapies, and home remedies can help reduce the swelling effectively.

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Read the original article on Health.com.

Author: Carrie Madormo, RN, MPH

Posted: May 17, 2024, 6:00 am

What Does a Nutritionist Do?

<p>J_art / Getty Images</p> — J_art / Getty Images

Medically reviewed by Barbie Cervoni, RD

Nutritionist is an umbrella term for health professionals who specialize in nutrition and the human diet. Training, education, and certifications vary, and some people who work as nutritionists have no medical background or professional training.

If you want to work with a nutritionist to improve your overall health, treat a certain medical condition, or reach a specific wellness or body composition goal, it's important to choose an experienced and reputable healthcare provider.

Here's everything you need to know about nutritionists, including what they do, where they work, what they treat, and how to find the best provider for your specific needs.

Nutritionist vs. Dietitian

The terms nutritionist" and “dietitian” are often used interchangeably to refer to people who work in the field of nutrition. However, there are important differences. All dietitians are nutritionists, but not all nutritionists are dietitians.

Dietitian

Dietitians are board-certified healthcare providers who have completed extensive education and training in the nutrition field. To work as a dietitian, you must meet the following requirements:

Earn a minimum of a graduate degree from an accredited dietetics program
1,000 hours of supervised practical experience
Pass the Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR) Examination for Registered Dietitians
Meet state practice requirements
Complete continuing education to recertify throughout your career (75 CPEUS, or credits, every five years)

Dietitians—sometimes referred to as nutritionists, registered dietitians (RDs), or registered dietitian-nutritionists (RDNs)—can accept insurance and work in medical settings like hospitals and long-term care centers. They're trained to perform medical nutrition therapy (nutrition-based treatment for specific health conditions). They might also work in fields like education, research, public health, media, and product development. They might also work in private practice.

Medical professionals like doctors and nurse practitioners might specialize in nutrition and complete nutrition training and education to provide nutritional counseling to their patients. Though these healthcare providers aren't dietitians, they have the background and experience to counsel people who need nutrition-related care.

Nutritionist

Nutritionists offer general nutritional advice and guidance. They might focus on habit change and helping people implement new eating habits.

Nutritionists do not diagnose or treat conditions or recommend specific diet plans. Their credentials are often state-based versus national.

Education might include a bachelor's or master's degree in nutrition or a certification program. Some nutritionists might choose to become certified nutrition specialists (CNS). A CNS must complete the following requirements:

Master of Science or doctoral degree (nutrition or similar field)
35 hours of relevant nutritional coursework
1,000 hours of supervised practical experience
Personalized case study reports

Check Credentials

Only people registered with the CDR credential can legally practice as a registered dietitian. "Nutritionist" is not a legally protected term. This means that people without credentialed nutrition education or medical training can call themselves nutritionists and provide counseling services.

Always confirm a nutritionist's background, education, and credentialing before you begin working with them.

What Conditions Does a Nutritionist Diagnose and Treat?

Dietitians provide nutrition-related care for people with a variety of medical conditions. Dietitians who work in hospitals often treat many different health conditions daily. Dietitians who work in private practice or a more specialized medical setting typically focus on one specific disease or health concern.

Here are some of the most common conditions treated by dietitians:

Diabetes
Kidney disease
Heart disease
Obesity
Eating disorders
People who are critically ill and require tube feeding or total parental nutrition (TPN)
Gastrointestinal (GI) conditions
Autoimmune disease
Food allergies and intolerances
Cancer

Many private practice dietitians also counsel people on general health eating and disease prevention.

Some dietitians work in sports nutrition, helping design specialized eating patterns for athletes. Others specialize in nutrition for specific populations such as women's health—including prenatal and postnatal nutrition (during and after pregnancy)—and pediatric nutrition.

Nutritionists who aren't board-certified dietitians or healthcare providers with medical training may offer services like meal plans and weight loss counseling. These nutritionists might be able to provide basic nutrition information. However, they may not have the specific knowledge and training to recommend nutritionally balanced diet plans tailored specifically to your needs.

Types of Nutritionists

As mentioned above, there are many types of dietitian-nutritionists. Here are some of the most common types.

Clinical Dietitian

Clinical dietitians work in hospitals with the rest of the healthcare team, including doctors and nurses, to develop nutrition-based plans for patients under the hospital's care. Dietitians may work in specific hospital areas, such as the intensive care unit (ICU) or the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Dietitians who work in hospital settings perform a number of services and are an integral part of the medical team. They assess nutrition needs, recommend medical nutrition therapy, and identify patients at risk for developing malnutrition by performing Nutrition Focused Physical Exams (NFPEs). This is a type of physical exam used to assess a patient's nutritional status and evaluate for malnutrition.

Private Practice Dietitian

Private practice dietitians are dietitians who counsel patients in person or virtually. They commonly specialize in one or more medical conditions or work with specific populations such as:

Children and teens
People with specific health concerns like GI conditions, heart disease, or autoimmune disorders
People with general wellness or weight loss goals (e.g., meal planning, healthy living, and supplementation)

These dietitians often have additional training. For example, a Certified Diabetes Care and Education Specialist (CDCES) focuses on diabetes prevention, treatment, and management.

Dietitians and other healthcare providers who work in private practice often accept medical insurance, meaning that your nutritional counseling session may be covered fully or partially by your insurance provider. If they do not accept your insurance, you may still get reimbursed after submitting a superbill. This is filled out by the dietitian and includes your diagnosis.

Nutritionists who aren't RDs, doctors, or other licensed health professionals can't participate in medical insurance.

Dietitian Specializations and Settings

Board-certified specialty credentials for dietitians include the following:

Gerontological nutrition (CSG): Older adults
Sports dietetics (CSSD): Athletes and active adults
Pediatric nutrition (CSP): Infants, children, adolescents
Renal nutrition (CSR): Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Oncology nutrition (CSO): Cancer
Diabetes nutrition (CDCES): Diabetes

Dietitians can take many career paths, including:

Working in schools, long-term care settings, or medical offices
Conducting research for food or pharmaceutical companies
Working in communities to teach healthy eating habits or work on public policies focused on nutrition and health (e.g., developing the Dietary Guidelines for Americans)
Working in education or academia (e.g., research, public speaking)
Working in media (e.g., print or digital journalism, television, podcasts) or with specific product brands
Working as a culinary dietitian, developing recipes and analyzing nutrients (e.g., in a kitchen, spa, or resort)
Working with professional athletes or sports teams

Dietitians may also pursue a health coach credential to strengthen their skillsets in the areas of goal-setting and behavior change.

Nutritionist Settings

People who work as nutritionists but who aren't RDs or RDNs may work in similar settings as dietitians—but with a different scope of practice (e.g., general guidance versus individualized meal plans). They may offer their services online or in person and sometimes work in wellness settings such as spas and gyms.

Going to the Nutritionist

There are many reasons why a person may seek the help of a registered dietitian-nutritionist. For example, you may want to:

Develop a healthier eating pattern
Lose excess body fat
Gain weight
Build muscle mass
Get support in preventing or treating conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, GI conditions, autoimmune diseases, or nutrient deficiencies

Some people may require a dietitian who specializes in specific diseases and health conditions like cancer or eating disorders (e.g., bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder) or a dietitian who focuses on specific populations, such as children and pregnant women.

You may decide to work with a dietitian on your own or a healthcare provider may recommend working with one to support a specific medical condition or other aspects of your health, such as your body composition.

What To Expect

Every dietitian is different and treatment varies depending on your health condition. For example, dietitians who focus on weight loss use a different counseling approach than dietitians who work with people who have eating disorders.

In general, a dietitian will ask you questions about your medical history, your relationship with food, and your current and past eating habits. They will review blood work and other medical test results when appropriate.

Depending on why you're seeing a dietitian, they may help you:

Shift your eating patterns
Add or remove certain supplements and foods from your current dietary pattern
Provide helpful recommendations for reaching your health and wellness goals

Dietitians who focus on specific health conditions may ask you to monitor certain aspects of your health, such as your blood glucose (sugar) levels, sensations of hunger and fullness, and bowel movements.

Every dietitian is different. Their questions, recommendations, and opinions on diet and weight can vary significantly. If you don't feel comfortable with the care you're receiving, you can always find another dietitian who better aligns with your specific health needs, personality, and goals.

How To Prepare

If you've decided to make an appointment with a nutritionist, take the time to narrow down the best providers in your area. In general, seek counseling from an RD board-certified by the CDR or a healthcare provider such as a doctor or nurse practitioner with additional training in nutrition—especially if you're seeking support for a specific medical condition.

You can read patient reviews on sites like Healthgrades or ask a trusted healthcare provider for a recommendation. Many private practice dietitians offer a free introductory phone consultation to help you decide whether they're a good fit for your specific needs.

Once you've found a dietitian to work with, they will likely ask you to:

Fill out introductory paperwork on your health and nutrition history
Send them recent bloodwork and other recent results
Keep track of your dietary intake for 1-2 weeks before your appointment

After the initial meeting, you will plan future appointments depending on factors like your health condition and goals.

A Quick Review

Nutritionist is a general term used to describe healthcare providers who specialize in nutrition. Dietitians (RDs, RDNs) are healthcare providers who have completed extensive nutrition education, training, and credentialing. This allows them to work in hospitals and other medical settings as well as offer private nutritional counseling.

If you're interested in working with a dietitian-nutritionist, narrow down experienced providers in your area. In general, avoid unqualified nutritionists without credentialed education or medical training, especially if seek support for a specific medical condition.

Uncredentialed nutritionists may be able to provide general nutrition information and valuable support, but they're not qualified to create specific meal plans or diagnose or treat conditions.

Frequently Asked Questions

How is a nutritionist different from a dietitian?

Dietitians are healthcare providers who have completed years of education and extensive training in nutrition. Only people registered with the CDR can legally practice as a registered dietitian.

"Nutritionist" is not a legally protected term. This means that people without credentialed nutrition education or medical training can call themselves nutritionists and provide counseling services. Always confirm a nutritionist's background, education, and credentialing before working with them.

What type of training does a nutritionist have?

Dietitians must earn a minimum of a graduate degree from an accredited dietetics program, complete a supervised internship, pass the Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR) Examination for Registered Dietitians, meet state practice requirements, and complete continuing education throughout their careers.

Anyone can call themselves a nutritionist, including those with no credentialed nutrition education or medical background.

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Author: Jillian Kubala, RD

Posted: May 16, 2024, 7:00 pm

Eating 5 or 6 Prunes a Day May Help Preserve Bone Health, Research Shows

Fact checked by Nick Blackmer

In a recent 12-month study, postmenopausal women who ate about five to 12 prunes daily had lower markers of inflammation related to osteoporosis than those who ate no prunes.
The minerals and other nutrients in prunes may be the key to their effects on bone health.
Prunes make a great snack alone or can be combined with other foods for a pop of sweetness.

It’s well established that prunes can aid in digestion, but recent research has revealed that the dried plums might offer another benefit: strengthening bones.

A study published in The Journal of Nutrition found that eating just a handful of prunes daily may reduce inflammatory markers related to bone loss in postmenopausal women.

The authors said the new research—part of the Prune Study, a broader investigation into the health benefits of prunes—suggests that prunes could provide a natural alternative to staving off osteoporosis, a condition that causes weak bones to break easily.

About 11 million people in the United States have osteoporosis, with about two-thirds being postmenopausal women. Women in this group are especially vulnerable to developing osteoporosis because they produce less estrogen, which protects bone mass.

Previous research has found a connection between prunes and improved bone health, but researchers said the new study was the largest to date examining this relationship.

Here’s what else you need to know about the research, as well as other ways prunes may affect health and how you can incorporate the dried fruit into your diet.

<p>Julio Ricco / Getty Images</p> — Julio Ricco / Getty Images

Measuring How Prunes Affect Bone Health

For the study, scientists recruited 183 women aged 55 to 75. They instructed some to consume 50 grams—roughly five or six prunes—daily and others to eat double that amount each day. A third group didn’t consume any prunes.

The team collected blood samples at the beginning of the study and its 12-month endpoint.

To assess how prune consumption may have affected bone health, the researchers analyzed the participants’ levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The proteins’ presence signals inflammation in the body.

“Chronic inflammation underlies numerous chronic diseases, including osteoporosis,” study author Connie J. Rogers, PhD, head of the Department of Nutritional Sciences at the University of Georgia, told Health.

The team found that, compared to people who ate no prunes, women who consumed either 50 or 100 grams of prunes daily had reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines after a year. That’s an indication that the prune-eating women likely also enhanced their bone health, Rogers said.

She acknowledged, however, that the findings may not apply to a broad population because the participants were predominantly white, menopausal women. “Additional studies in a more diverse population are needed to ensure that the findings we observed are observed in a more heterogeneous population,” Rogers said.

Another limitation was that the study was funded by the California Prune Board, which represents prune growers and handlers. However, the researchers noted that the organization had no role in the study’s design, analysis, interpretation, or writing.

According to Leslie Bonci, MPH, RD, a spokesperson for the California Prune Board, prunes contain many nutrients that could account for their possible bone-boosting effects.

“The vitamin K in prunes helps transport calcium to the bones,” she told Health. “Potassium and magnesium help with bone density, boron helps prevent calcium loss and the demineralization of bones, and the plant nutrients help to prevent oxidative damage to bone cells.”

How Else Might Prune Consumption Affect Health?

People have long turned to prunes as a natural remedy for constipation—a treatment that research supports. For example, one review found that increased prune consumption improved stool frequency and consistency in people with constipation.

On the flip side, prunes have been known to cause abdominal pain or diarrhea for some people—though Bonci said that gastrointestinal issues didn’t appear to be an issue for the participants in the bone loss study.

Other research has revealed that eating more prunes may improve heart health measures. A study presented at the American Society of Nutrition’s 2023 annual meeting, for instance, linked long-term prune consumption among men with better HDL (“good” cholesterol) and total cholesterol, as well as lower oxidative stress and decreased levels of the inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein.

How to Include More Prunes in Your Diet

Prunes are sweet and bite-sized, making them ideal to nosh on alone as a snack. But they can also add chewy texture and a burst of sweetness to other dishes as well.

Here are some of Bonci’s suggestions for “pruning” your diet:

Puree prunes and use them as a fat and sugar replacement in baked goods
Use prunes to naturally sweeten salad dressings, marinades, or barbeque or teriyaki sauce
Sprinkle prune pieces atop salads or vegetable dishes like roasted broccoli or Brussels sprouts
Use prunes in your morning oatmeal, yogurt, cereal, or smoothie
Mix them with nuts, seeds, and dark chocolate for a trail mix
Include them in homemade energy bites or granola bars

If you’re concerned about prunes’ digestive effects, Bonci recommends starting with just two prunes a day. “Then you can ramp up the amount gradually as your body adjusts,” she said.

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Author: Sarah Garone

Posted: May 16, 2024, 4:00 pm

Hot Flashes

<p>monkeybusinessimages / Getty Images</p> — monkeybusinessimages / Getty Images

Medically reviewed by Kelly Wood, MD

A hot flash is a sudden feeling of warmth that can cause sweating and a rapid heartbeat. The most common cause is hormonal changes with menopause, which is defined as no period for 12 consecutive months.

About 74% of people in perimenopause (the time leading up to menopause) have hot flashes. However, they can also occur due to medications, warm environments, or certain medical conditions.

Hot Flash Symptoms

Hot flashes can vary in strength and frequency. Each episode typically lasts five minutes or less. Some people have a few hot flashes a week, while others might have up to 10 daily. With menopause, you might experience them for a few months or years. Symptoms include:

A sudden surge of heat (especially around the head, neck, or chest)
Flushing (red skin)
Sweating
A rapid heartbeat
Anxiety
Chills
Extreme tiredness or weakness
Headache

What Causes Hot Flashes?

Hot flashes are vasomotor symptoms, meaning they involve the blood vessels. They occur when the hypothalamus—your brain's thermostat—incorrectly senses your body is too hot. To cool you down, it tells blood vessels near your skin to widen, making you sweat and causing your heart to pump more blood.

Changes in hormone levels, like when estrogen drops during perimenopause or menopause, and certain medications and health conditions can cause the hypothalamus to malfunction. Example medications include:

Antidepressants: Including medications like Elavil (amitriptyline) or Zoloft (sertraline)
Blood pressure medications: Including medications like Cardizem (diltiazem)
Chemotherapy: A cancer treatment
Clomid (clomiphene): A fertility medication that makes it easier to get pregnant
Lupron Depot (leuprolide acetate): A medication that treats prostate cancer, endometriosis (when tissue like the womb lining grows outside the uterus), and uterine fibroids (non-cancerous tumors)
Nolvadex (tamoxifen): A type of medication that fights hormone-positive breast cancer
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs): An example is Evista (raloxifene) which helps reduce bone fractures after menopause

Examples of underlying health conditions include:

Adrenal insufficiency or tumors (the adrenal gland regulates stress hormones)
Allergic reactions
Diabetes
Pituitary abnormalities or tumors (the pituitary gland regulates hormones)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a condition that affects how the ovaries work
Pregnancy
Thyroid disease or tumors (the thyroid produces certain hormones and helps regulate metabolism)
Uterine tumors
Vitamin B12 deficiency

Risk Factors

Other risk factors for hot flashes include.

Age: The average age of menopause is 52
Excess body weight: Can cause hormonal imbalances
Race: Black females have a 50% higher chance of having hot flashes during menopause
Smoking: Affects blood circulation and hormone levels

Diagnosis

To diagnose perimenopause or menopause, healthcare providers consider your medical history, age, menstrual patterns, and symptoms. If you're in your late forties or early fifties and experiencing changes in your periods or have stopped having them—and you're not pregnant—your history might be enough for a diagnosis.

Your provider might also explore other potential factors, such as underlying health conditions like thyroid disorders, hormone imbalances, or tumors. This might involve a pelvic exam to check your reproductive organs, including the ovaries or uterus.

Diagnostic tests may include checking the following hormone levels in your blood:

Thyroid hormones like thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a reproductive hormone
Estradiol (estrogen)
Cortisol, a stress hormone

Your healthcare provider may also order imaging tests to rule out underlying health conditions. These might include:

Ultrasound scan: Uses sound waves to create images of the thyroid or pelvis (area between the hips)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan: Uses magnets and radio waves to create detailed images
Computed tomography (CT) scan: Combines X-ray images taken from different angles to create cross-sectional images

Treatments for Hot Flashes

The goal of treatment for hot flashes is to address underlying causes and reduce the discomfort and disruption hot flashes may cause.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the most effective perimenopause or menopause treatment. If hot flashes are due to other factors, the treatment approach may focus on addressing those.

Natural or Herbal Remedies

Some people use herbs or supplements to help with hot flashes during perimenopause or menopause. While there's some evidence that herbal supplements like black cohosh might help, not all studies support this.

If you're considering trying these remedies, talking to your healthcare provider first is important. Even though they're natural, they could have risks, especially if you have breast cancer or take medications.

Examples of natural or herbal remedies for hot flashes include:

Anise
Black cohosh
Chaste tree
Evening primrose oil
Fennel
Fenugreek
Licorice root
Passionflower (can make you sleepy)
Red Clover
Sage
Soy or plant-derived estrogens in foods like soybeans and lentils
Valerian root (can make you sleepy)
Vitamin E

Complementary or Alternative Treatments

While the research on complementary treatments is ongoing, techniques like acupuncture, breathing exercises, hypnosis, reflexology, or yoga may be helpful.

Acupuncture involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body to promote health. Hypnosis is when a therapist helps you deeply relax your mind. Reflexology involves applying pressure to specific points on the feet, hands, or ears corresponding to body systems to promote relaxation and well-being.

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) involves taking estrogen, progesterone, or a combination of both at the lowest possible dose to manage symptoms. Hormones may come in pills, patches, or shots.

Estrogen is the most effective, reducing hot flash frequency by 75%. Progestin (progesterone) is a consideration for those who can’t take estrogen, but is less effective than estrogen.

Prescription Non-hormonal Therapies

Hormone therapy is typically the most effective treatment. For those who can't take hormones, there are non-hormonal medications like:

Antidepressants: Examples include paroxetine (Brisdelle) and venlafaxine (Effexor)
Catapress (clonidine): A medication that also treats high blood pressure
Ditropan (oxybutynin): A medication that also treats overactive bladder
Neurontin (gabapentin): A medication that also treats nerve pain and seizures
Veozah (fezolinetant): A fairly new medication that helps the brain with temperature regulation

Prevention

The following lifestyle and environmental changes may help prevent hot flashes:

Adjust the room temperature to keep it cooler
Avoid triggers like alcohol, spicy foods, hot drinks, and cigarettes
Drink cool drinks
Get regular exercise
Practice stress reduction techniques such as deep breathing or art therapy
Use a portable fan to keep you cool
Wear lightweight, breathable clothing in layers (remove top layers when you are hot)

Complications

Hot flashes are not dangerous, but they can indicate lower estrogen levels. Low estrogen can weaken bones, raising the risk of fractures. Estrogen also helps maintain healthy blood vessels and regulates cholesterol levels. Low levels reduce these protective effects, increasing the risk of heart conditions and stroke.

Your healthcare provider may suggest monitoring your heart and bone health with cholesterol blood tests and bone density scans. HRT might help reduce these risks, but discussing the pros and cons with your provider is essential.

A Quick Review

The primary causes of hot flashes are perimenopause and menopause, though other underlying health conditions or medications can also trigger them. These episodes happen when your brain mistakenly perceives your body as overheating and signals it to cool down.

Diagnosis involves a medical history and a physical exam, though other tests may be necessary. Treatment options include avoiding triggers, natural remedies, HRT, and non-hormonal medications.

Frequently Asked Questions

What stops hot flashes naturally?

To naturally reduce hot flashes, avoid triggers like spicy foods, and try using a cool compress on your neck when you feel a hot flash coming on. Wear breathable clothing, keep your environment cool, and practice relaxation techniques.

Consider a small portable fan to help keep you cool during a hot flash. Herbal supplements like black cohosh may also help with hormone imbalances, but you must consult a healthcare provider to ensure they're safe.

Can drinking water help with hot flashes?

Cool water may be helpful, though its direct impact on hot flashes isn't fully proven. Even if it doesn’t immediately stop hot flashes, drinking water helps prevent dehydration and keeps your body temperature in check.

How many hot flashes per day is normal?

Some people have hot flashes only a few times a week, but some, especially those in perimenopause or menopause, have them up to 10 times daily.

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Author: Brandi Jones, MSN-Ed, RN-BC

Posted: May 16, 2024, 4:00 pm

Prolapsed Hemorrhoids

Medically reviewed by Robert Burakoff, MD

Hemorrhoids (also known as piles) are swollen blood vessels in or around the anus. Hemorrhoids may be either external (occurring just outside the anus) or internal (occurring just inside the anus in the lower rectum). Prolapsed hemorrhoids are a type of internal hemorrhoid that cause swollen veins to bulge out from inside the rectum.

Anyone can develop hemorrhoids, as this condition is very common. However, most people who experience symptoms of a prolapsed hemorrhoid are between 45-65 years old. Common symptoms of prolapsed hemorrhoids include bleeding, itching, and pain in the anal area.

Home remedies and non-surgical medical procedures can usually relieve symptoms. But more serious cases may require surgery.

Symptoms

Internal hemorrhoids are not usually visible from the outside and often do not cause noticeable symptoms. The most common sign of internal hemorrhoids is bleeding from the rectum. You might find bright red blood in your stools (poop), urine (pee), in the toilet, or on toilet paper. Noticing blood when you use the bathroom can be worrisome, so if you're experiencing this symptom, it's a good idea to see your healthcare provider for a proper evaluation.

When an internal hemorrhoid has become so swollen that it prolapses, or protrudes from the anus, another common symptom is discomfort or rectal pain. This pain can be severe, especially if the hemorrhoid is completely prolapsed. Some internal hemorrhoids prolapse only during a bowel movement (when you poop).

Prolapsed hemorrhoid symptoms often develop gradually and symptoms can come and go. Alongside bleeding and pain, other symptoms of prolapsed hemorrhoids include:

Itching or irritation around the anus
Mucus coming out from the anus
Fecal incontinence (leaky poops)
A wet sensation around the anus
A feeling of fullness inside the anus

What Causes a Prolapsed Hemorrhoid?

In general, internal hemorrhoids result from increased pressure on the veins inside the rectum. This can cause the veins in your rectum to weaken and bulge out, causing a hemorrhoid to occur. When an internal hemorrhoid becomes swollen enough and the tissues surrounding it become too weak, your hemorrhoid can become prolapsed.

Risk Factors

Several factors can lead to increased pressure on the veins inside the rectum. If one or more of the following are true for you, you may have a higher risk of developing hemorrhoids:

Straining to have a bowel movement
Having long-term diarrhea
Eating too little fiber
Using laxatives too often
Lifting heavy objects regularly

However, some other factors can also weaken the tissues around the veins in the anus, raising the risk that a hemorrhoid will prolapse, including:

Aging
Pregnancy
Genetics

Diagnosis

If you're at an increased risk of hemorrhoids or have symptoms of one, it's important to see your primary care provider for a proper evaluation. If they suspect you have hemorrhoids, they'll likely refer you to a gastroenterologist (a doctor who specializes in digestive tract conditions) or a colorectal surgeon (a surgeon who treats conditions that affect the colon and rectum). Your healthcare team can order and perform several tests to learn about your symptoms and make an accurate diagnosis.

First, your healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms, when they started, and how often they occur. They will ask about your diet and patterns in your toilet habits. They also will take note of your personal and family medical history.

Then, your provider will look at your anus to see whether you have a hemorrhoid that has prolapsed. They will also check for signs such as stool leakage, mucus discharge, or anal fissures (small tears in the skin). In some cases, they might ask you to strain as though you are pushing out stool, to see whether an internal hemorrhoid then prolapses.

If they see signs of prolapse, your healthcare provider will need to determine whether the cause is a hemorrhoid, rectal prolapse (the walls of the rectum bulging out), or rectal polyps (growths on the rectum lining). To help them do so, they may perform one of the following tests:

Digital exam: Inserting a gloved finger into your lower rectum to assess the muscle tone, check for bleeding, and feel for lumps
Anoscopy: Inserting a hollow tube with an attached light (called an anoscope) into your rectum to look at the tissues that line your rectum
Rigid proctosigmoidoscopy: Inserting a short metal tube (known as a proctoscope) to look at the lining of your rectum and lower colon

If you have bleeding, your healthcare provider may suggest a colonoscopy to rule out serious causes of the bleeding, such as cancer. A colonoscopy is a surgical procedure in which a healthcare professional uses a scope to look at your entire colon.

Stages of Prolapsed Hemorrhoids

Healthcare providers assign a grade to internal hemorrhoids depending on how much the hemorrhoid has prolapsed.

Grade 1: No prolapse
Grade 2: Some prolapse, but the hemorrhoid can pull back into the rectum on its own
Grade 3: Some prolapse, but you can push the hemorrhoid back inside the rectum
Grade 4: Constant prolapse that you cannot push back into the rectum

How To Treat Prolapsed Hemorrhoids

If you receive a diagnosis of hemorrhoids, your treatment plan will depend on what's causing your symptoms and the severity of your condition. If a hemorrhoid is not causing symptoms, it likely does not need medical treatment. However, if a prolapsed hemorrhoid causes pain, bleeding, or other itching, your provider can recommend several treatment options, such as home remedies and medical procedures.

At-Home Treatments

Most prolapsed hemorrhoids will resolve with lifestyle changes and treatments you can perform at home. These methods might include the following:

Add more fiber to your diet through foods or supplements
Drink more water and other hydrating liquids
Use an over-the-counter stool softener if you are constipated
Try not to sit too long or strain on the toilet
Take warm, shallow baths (sitz baths) a few times per day
Reduce pain by taking over-the-counter (OTC) pain relief medications

In-Office Procedures

If at-home treatments are not working for you, your healthcare provider might suggest a non-surgical procedure such as:

Rubber band ligation: A small rubber band is placed around the base of the hemorrhoid to cut off its blood supply. Eventually, the hemorrhoid shrinks and falls off.
Sclerotherapy: A chemical solution is injected into the hemorrhoid that creates scar tissue and cuts off the blood supply to the prolapsed hemorrhoid. The hemorrhoid then withers and falls off.
Infrared coagulation: Heat from a special device creates scar tissue which cuts off the blood supply to the hemorrhoid.
Electrocoagulation: An electrical current creates the scar tissue which cuts off the blood supply to the hemorrhoid.

Surgery

If your hemorrhoids are severe (e.g., grade 3 or 4 hemorrhoids) and causing complications, you may need a hemorrhoidectomy (a surgery that removes the hemorrhoids with a scalpel or electronic device).

Another surgery your healthcare provider may consider is stapled hemorrhoidopexy. With this procedure, your provider uses a stapling tool to cut out some hemorrhoidal tissue inside the rectum and then reattach it to pull back the prolapsed hemorrhoid inside the anus.

Prevention

The best way to prevent a hemorrhoid from prolapsing is to prevent the hemorrhoid from appearing in the first place. It is important to manage the amount of pressure on your rectum walls, which can increase with certain eating and toilet habits. Adopting new habits may help make stool easier to pass and prevent new internal hemorrhoids. Consider the following strategies:

Eat more fiber-rich foods, such as beans, fruits (such as raspberries), and vegetables (like green peas)
Drink more fluids, such as water, natural fruit juices, or clear soups
Do not strain or sit for long periods on the toilet
Take an over-the-counter stool softener if necessary
Avoid lifting heavy objects
Engage in regular physical activity or exercise

Complications

Complications of prolapsed hemorrhoids are rare. However, if left untreated, some prolapsed hemorrhoids can become extremely painful. They also may cause long-term blood loss, which increases your risk of iron deficiency anemia. Symptoms of this type of anemia include headache, muscle weakness, and irritability.

The most serious complication of prolapsed hemorrhoids is becoming “strangulated.” This occurs when the muscles of the anus cut off the blood flow to the hemorrhoid. Strangulated hemorrhoids are very painful, and they can lead to open sores or tissue decay. A strangulated hemorrhoid needs immediate medical attention.

A Quick Review

Hemorrhoids are extremely common, especially as you get older. A prolapsed hemorrhoid is a hemorrhoid that originates inside the rectum but partially bulges out of the anus. While most internal hemorrhoids do not cause symptoms, prolapsed internal hemorrhoids can cause pain, itching, and bleeding.

Home remedies like eating more fiber and taking stool softeners can reduce your risk of hemorrhoids and treat mild cases. Other medical treatments and surgeries can also reduce your symptoms and improve your quality of life.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can you push a prolapsed hemorrhoid in?

Some hemorrhoids prolapse only during a bowel movement. You can usually push those back inside the rectum, or they may pull back inside by themselves.

However, you cannot push completely prolapsed hemorrhoids back inside. These hemorrhoids may require either a non-surgical or a surgical procedure to remove them.

How do you tell the difference between a prolapsed and an internal hemorrhoid?

A prolapsed hemorrhoid is a type of internal hemorrhoid. While non-prolapsed internal hemorrhoids stay inside the rectum and often cause no symptoms, a prolapsed hemorrhoid visibly protrudes from the anus.

Will a prolapsed hemorrhoid heal on its own?

Internal hemorrhoids often heal on their own, even when they have prolapsed. At-home dietary changes such as eating more fiber and toilet habit changes such as not straining on the toilet can help them heal.

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Author: Sarah Hudgens

Posted: May 16, 2024, 12:00 pm

How Much Sunlight Should You Get Every Day?

<p>Klaus Vedfelt / Getty Images</p> — Klaus Vedfelt / Getty Images

Medically reviewed by Kira Graves, PhD

When you spend time in the sun, the ultraviolet (UVR) rays hit your skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis. Not only does this fat-soluble vitamin help you store calcium and phosphorus which leads to strong bones, but it also helps reduce inflammation, fight infections, and boost mood.

So how much sunlight do you really need? Well, it depends on several factors. Generally, most experts recommend 5-30 minutes of sunlight at least twice a week.

However, getting sunlight does not come without risks. For instance, too much sun can cause skin cancer, premature aging, wrinkles, and other skin damage. Some research also suggests that too much sunlight can suppress your skin's natural defenses and lower immune system functioning. For these reasons, you should spend time in the sun with caution and input from your healthcare provider.

How To Know How Much Sun You Need

Research on how much sunlight people need—particularly without sunscreen—is currently mixed. However, some researchers report that people usually need 5-30 minutes of sun exposure between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. at least twice a week without sunscreen to promote vitamin D synthesis.

Avoiding the sun could have dire consequences. One study found that inadequate sun exposure could be linked to 340,000 deaths yearly in the United States. Meanwhile, researchers in another all-cause mortality study found that avoiding the sun increases a person's risk of death on par with people who smoke.

However, the American Academy of Dermatology does not advise exposing your skin to the sun without sunscreen and stresses that there is no safe level of sun exposure. Likewise, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says the sun's UV rays can damage your skin in as little as 15 minutes and recommends staying in the shade, especially midday.

For this reason, the best way to determine how much sun you need each day—and whether or not that time in the sun should be with or without sunscreen—is to talk to a healthcare provider familiar with your health history and medical needs. Together, you can decide what is right for you.

Factors That Influence Your Sunlight Needs

Several factors can influence how much sun you need. These may include your overall vitamin D levels, medical history, age, and skin tone. Even your geographical location can play a role in your sunlight needs.

For instance, the more melanin (a substance your body makes to add pigment to your skin and hair) you have in your skin, the harder it is for your skin to produce vitamin D from sunlight. As a result, Black Americans usually have lower vitamin D levels than lighter-skinned Americans. That said, people with darker skin tones typically need more time in the sun to reap the effects of vitamin D.

Meanwhile, another study found that 90% of white people would need about 30 minutes of midday summer sun three times per week to achieve adequate vitamin D. But, the research notes that more exposure is necessary in other seasons, at different times of day, and for people with darker skin.

There also is the concern about how the sun's UV rays affect the skin and its ability to cause a sunburn. Generally speaking, those with lighter skin have a higher risk of skin damage, so healthcare providers and researchers recommend spending less time in the sun. Specifically, researchers recommend maximum time limits to spend in the sun based on your skin tone:

Skin Type	Maximum Time in the Sun
I: Very light skin	10 minutes
II: Light skin	20 minutes
III: Light or light brown skin	30 minutes
IV: Olive or light brown skin	50 minutes
V: Dark brown skin	More than 60 minutes
VI: Dark brown or black skin	More than 60 minutes

While the above time limits are a helpful guide, it's best to ask your healthcare provider how much sun is too much—specifically for your own needs and underlying health conditions.

Benefits of Getting Sunlight

In addition to its vitamin D-boosting capabilities, the sun may help regulate sleep and boost mood, among other factors.

Boosts Mood

Getting adequate sunlight can boost your mood. Not only is light used to treat different types of depression, like seasonal affective disorder (SAD), but getting sunlight can also reduce the likelihood of developing depression.

Researchers studied 400,000 people who spent 2.5 hours outside and found that for each hour spent outside in natural light, there was a decrease in the risk of developing long-term depression. Researchers also found that people in the study used fewer antidepressants and reported improvements in mood and general feelings of happiness.

Regulates Sleep

Getting enough sunlight can also regulate your body's hormones that affect your circadian rhythm—your body's internal clock. Your circadian rhythm is most sensitive to sunlight about one hour after waking up in the morning and about two hours before bed.

Additionally, exposure to light in the morning will likely make it easier for you to fall asleep at night and help you remain alert throughout the day. Another study also found that the more natural light people in an office received, the better sleep they experienced, and the more productive they were at work.

May Lower Blood Pressure

High blood pressure is a leading cause of premature death and disease. Consequently, finding ways to reduce blood pressure readings is at the top of mind for many researchers. One team found that getting sunlight may help lower blood pressure. Not getting enough sunlight may also be a risk factor for hypertension.

Another study found that when sunlight touches your skin, a compound called nitric oxide is released into the blood vessels. This process can help bring blood pressure readings down and may ultimately lower the risks of heart attack and stroke.

Can Aid Weight Loss

Although research is limited, there may be a connection between getting more sunlight and weight loss. According to one study, the fat cells beneath your top layer of skin are sensitive to the sun's rays and shrink when exposed to the sun.

Researchers speculate that this could be the reason why people tend to gain weight during the winter months or in northern areas where there is little sunlight. That said, more research is needed before getting more sunlight is recommended as a weight management technique.

Tips for Safely Getting Sunlight

When it comes to getting regular sunlight, talk to your healthcare provider about what is right for you. Your family and personal medical history, age, and skin tone all play a role in how much sun time your provider may recommend. If you are spending more time in the sun, here are some things you can do to protect your skin and stay safe:

Wear protective clothing and sunglasses to reduce the risk of sunburn
Apply sunscreen and reapply the product every two hours
Check the UV index to help avoid overexposure to sunlight

The chart below can help you understand the UV index and how much exposure from the sun you may be getting for each number on the index.

UV Index	Exposure Level
0 to 2	Minimal
3 to 4	Low
5 to 6	Moderate
7 to 9	High
10	Very High
11 & up	Extreme

Risks of Too Much Sun

Any time you consider spending time in the sun, you need to balance the benefits of sun exposure with the risks for skin damage—such as premature aging or wrinkles, sunspots, and skin cancer.

Spending a lot of time in the sun on a hot day also increases the risk of a heat-related illness like heat stroke, heat exhaustion, sunburn, and dehydration.

Take precautions to protect your skin and hydrate well if you plan to be in the sun.

A Quick Review

Getting sunlight consistently may be the key to improved wellness and adequate vitamin D levels. On the other hand, too much sun exposure can also be harmful. If you want to reap the benefits of sunlight, talk to a healthcare provider about how much sun is right for you given your skin tone, age, and medical history.

While sunlight can do a lot of good, it also can cause skin cancer, so it's important to strive for a balance between the risks and the rewards.

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Author: Sherri Gordon

Posted: May 16, 2024, 9:30 am

A Complete Guide to the Atkins Diet

<p>Annie Japaud / Getty Images</p> — Annie Japaud / Getty Images

Medically reviewed by Kierra Brown, RD

The Atkins diet is a low-carb diet developed in the 1970s by cardiologist Dr. Robert Atkins. The diet became popular in the early 2000s and is still used today to support weight loss, strengthen blood sugar control, and establish healthy eating habits. The Atkins diet is meant to help you lose or maintain a healthy weight for your body by burning more body fat instead of sugar to give you more energy and increase your metabolism.

How the Atkins Diet Works

The Atkins diet is a low-carb diet. Several types of low-carb diets include varying levels of carbohydrate restriction.

If you're following the Atkins diet, you start with consuming 20-100 grams (g) of carbohydrates daily, depending on which version of the Atkins diet you choose. Most people usually end up on a more moderate low-carb diet during the final phase.

Each phase of the Atkins Diet has a specific range of macronutrients or proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in food. You can choose from a selection of meals and plans that work best for you from the Atkins website.

The first part of the diet puts your body into a state of ketosis, during which your body burns fat for fuel instead of carbs. To reach ketosis, you consume less than 50 grams of carbs daily. According to studies, most low-carb diets promote weight loss, decrease blood sugar, and improve other aspects of health.

Atkins plans include the following:

Atkins 20®: Start with 20 g of net carbs and increase by 5 g increments (usually for people who want to lose over 40 pounds (lbs) or have diabetes)
Atkins 40®: Start with 40 g of net carbs and start increasing by 10 g when you hit a certain weight (usually for people who want to lose less than 40 lbs)
Atkins 100®: Start with 100 g of net carbs (usually for people who want to maintain weight)

The following guidelines for each phase are based on the Atkins 20® version of the diet.

Phase 1: Induction

This phase restricts your carb intake to 20 g of net carbs daily to kickstart the weight loss process. Net carbs are the number of carbohydrates left after subtracting the total fiber content and half the amount of sugar alcohols found in a food from its total carb content.

The goal in this phase is to help you get within 15 lbs of your weight loss goal by consuming less carbohydrates. The length of Phase 1 depends on your starting weight and final weight loss goal. If your goal is to lose less than 15 lbs of body fat, you can completely skip this phase.

Phase 2: Balancing

In this phase, you can gradually add more carbs into your diet. Once you're within 15 lbs of your weight loss goal, add 5 more g of net carbs daily. This may mean eating 25 g of net carbs daily.

By the end of this phase, you should consume 30-80 g of net carbs daily and be within 10 lbs of your goal weight.

Phase 3: Pre-Maintenance

When you're 10 lbs away from your goal weight, you can move on to phase 3. This phase is meant to help you get closer to establishing a balance of carbs that works best for your body.

Guidelines include increasing your carb intake in 5-10 g increments while paying attention to any changes in weight. You can adjust your carb intake to cut an additional 10 g of carbs if you don’t notice any changes in weight after at least a week.

Most people consume between 80-100 g of net carbs daily during phase 3. This phase lasts until you've reached your weight loss goal and have maintained it for at least one month.

Phase 4: Maintenance

When you've reached your goal weight and have maintained your weight for a month, you'll move on to the fourth and final phase of the Atkins diet.

During phase 4, you'll continue maintaining your carb tolerance level and weight while adding new foods to your diet. This phase is meant to introduce healthy life-long eating habits.

Guidelines

Though carbohydrate intake increases as the Atkins diet progresses, the diet is still considered low-carb. However, there are also other dietary restrictions included in the Atkins diet.

In addition to restricting carbs, the Atkins diet involves other modifications, such as eating three 4-6 ounce (oz) servings of lean protein daily during all diet phases. Lean proteins include foods like salmon and chicken breast listed on the Atkins acceptable foods list. During the first three phases, drink at least eight oz of water and eat three full meals or 4-5 smaller meals daily.

According to the Atkins website, the macronutrient range of the diet is:

60-70% fat
20-30% protein
5-10% carbs.

However, macronutrient ranges will vary depending on the stage of the diet and your individual "carbohydrate tolerance"—how many carbs a day is comfortable for you in phase 3 of the diet.

When following the Atkins diet, it's important to choose meals with foods from the "acceptable foods" list and avoid high-carb foods like pasta, cake, and bread—especially during the first few phases.

What To Eat on the Atkins Diet

The first phase of the Atkins diet is the most restrictive, but there are still many food choices. As you move through the diet phases, you can slowly add higher-carb foods such as fruits back in.

When following phase 1 of the Atkins diet, consider eating:

Low-carb vegetables: Greens, artichokes, mushrooms, cauliflower, onions, bok choy, tomatoes, zucchini, asparagus, and broccoli
Meat and poultry: Beef, chicken, venison, lamb, pork, duck, and turkey
Eggs: Whole eggs and egg whites
Seafood: Cod, trout, sardines, salmon, flounder, herring, clams, mussels, and shrimp
Fats and oils: Olive oil, butter, mayonnaise, avocado oil, and sunflower oil
Cheese: Parmesan, cheddar, goat cheese, Swiss cheese, and feta
Herbs and spices: Rosemary, basil, garlic, ginger, and parsley

Slowly add carb-rich foods back into your diet after the first phase. In phase 2, you can start eating small amounts of berries, legumes, and other higher-carb foods. You can also incorporate high-fat dairy products, like heavy cream into your diet.

What To Drink on the Atkins Diet

When following the Atkins diet, you'll want to stick to low-carb, low-calorie beverages, such as:

Water
Sparkling water
Clear broth
Decaffeinated or regular coffee and tea
Diet soda
Zero-calorie flavored seltzer
Unsweetened plant milks, like almond milk and soy milk

Foods Not in the Atkins Diet

When following the Atkins diet, try your best to cut out certain foods. During the initial phase of the Atkins diet, the following foods should be avoided:

Grains: Rice, oats, couscous, quinoa, and barley
Bread, pasta, and high-carb baked goods: Pasta, noodles, rolls, muffins, and bagels
Sweeteners and sugary foods: Table sugar, honey, maple syrup, ice cream, cookies, and sugary cereals
High-carb snack foods: Potato chips, granola bars, and crackers
Starchy vegetables and legumes: Potatoes, sweet potatoes, butternut squash, lentils, and chickpeas
Fruits: Oranges, pineapple, peaches, bananas, and dates
Sugary condiments: Sweet salad dressings, sugary dips, and barbecue sauce

After the first phase, higher-carb foods like fruits, grains, and legumes can slowly be incorporated into your diet. However, carbohydrate-rich foods will always be limited on the Atkins diet.

Drinks To Avoid on the Atkins Diet

For optimal results, try to avoid the following higher-sugar drinks while following the Atkins diet:

Sweetened soda, iced tea, and energy drinks
Fruit juice
Coffees and teas with added sweeteners or creamers
Chocolate milk
Milkshakes

Drink plenty of water and other zero-calorie beverages.

Meal Ideas

Your meals and snacks will depend on which phase of the diet you're currently following. A day of eating on phase 1 of the Atkins diet may look like this:

Breakfast: Omelet made with arugula, tomatoes, and cheddar cheese with a side of salsa
Lunch: Green salad made with grilled chicken, avocado, tomatoes, bell pepper, red onion, cucumber, and feta cheese topped with Cesar dressing
Snack: Tuna salad with celery
Dinner: Baked salmon in a butter and dill sauce served with roasted vegetables

You can still add more foods into your diet, such as fruits, nuts, seeds, and legumes, after phase 1.

Benefits

A low-carb diet, like the Atkins diet, may benefit your health in several ways. From improving blood sugar control to lowering blood pressure, the Atkins diet can be beneficial to your health in ways other than just weight loss.

May Improve Blood Sugar

One of the most evidence-based benefits of low-carb dietary patterns like the Atkins diet is its effectiveness in reducing high blood sugar levels. When following low-carb diets, foods that tend to increase blood sugar, like pasta and sugary drinks, are restricted, which helps support better blood sugar control. Diets low in carbs have been shown to improve blood sugar control. Plus, low-carb diets may also improve other health markers in people with type 2 diabetes.

One 2023 review of seven studies also found that low-carb diets, including the Atkins diet, were effective for controlling blood sugar, reducing insulin levels, decreasing body fat mass, and improving blood lipid levels in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Could Help with Weight Loss

Several studies suggest that the Atkins diet may support weight loss by making you feel full sooner and reducing how many calories you consume. One 2017 review that compared the weight loss benefits of seven diets, including the Atkins diet, the low-fat Ornish diet, and the paleo diet, found that the Atkins diet was most effective at meeting short-term and long-term weight loss goals.

Low-carb diets, in general, seem to be effective for supporting weight loss. For example, one 2024 study found that a 16-week low-carb diet that delivered fewer than 130 grams of carbs daily was more effective for people with obesity when compared to a Mediterranean diet.

However, it's unclear if low-carb diets, like the Atkins diet, are more effective for weight loss than traditional calorie-restricted diets.

Weight Loss

Health.com does not promote or condone weight loss that’s not under the care of a healthcare provider. Only try a diet for weight loss if your healthcare provider recommends it.

Other Benefits

Following a low-carb diet may reduce the risk of heart disease and be helpful for people with certain medical conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)—a hormonal condition that can lead to symptoms like weight gain. Some studies show that low-carb diets may protect against heart disease by lowering heart disease risk factors like hypertension (high blood pressure) and high triglyceride levels.

In one study, participants who followed a low-carb diet for 16 weeks experienced greater reductions in blood pressure, blood lipid levels, and blood sugar levels when compared to people who followed a Mediterranean diet. Low-carb diets like the Atkins diet may also improve symptoms like hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and insulin resistance in people with PCOS and type 2 diabetes.

Is the Atkins Diet Safe?

Low-carb diets, like the Atkins diet, are generally considered safe. However, very low-carb diets, like the initial phase of the Atkins diet may not be appropriate if you are pregnant or have pancreatic and gallbladder conditions. Since the Atkins diet is restrictive, it's important to ask your healthcare provider if the diet is right for you—especially if you have a history of disordered eating.

The lack of calories in the initial phase of this diet can sometimes also lead to side effects like:

Nausea
Constipation
Headaches
Weakness
Dizziness
Fatigue

Earlier phases of the diet are highly restrictive and cut out some nutritious foods. For this reason, following the more restricting phases of the Atkins diet for long periods may result in deficiencies in one or more nutrients, such as fiber, vitamins, and minerals.

Looking for Support?

If you or a loved one are experiencing an eating disorder, contact the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) Helpline for support at 1-800-931-2237.

Drawbacks

Though the Atkins diet is relatively easy to follow, it does involve strict rules, which may not work for your specific lifestyle or food preferences. Because the diet is so low in carbs, it can be difficult to follow for those who don't eat animal products, like meat and eggs.

Although not a part of the traditional Atkins diet meal list, there are now plant-based options for the Atkins diet. Following a more moderate low-carb diet that doesn't involve as many restrictions may be just as effective for helping you reach your health goals as the Atkins diet.

A Quick Review

The Atkins diet may improve your well-being by helping you maintain a healthy weight for your body and regulating your blood sugar. levels. The Atkins diet includes low-carbohydrate foods like kale, salmon, and bok choy.

Though the Atkins diet is generally considered safe, it's best to check with your healthcare provider before trying any restrictive diet—especially if you have one or more health conditions, a history of disordered eating, or are pregnant or breastfeeding.

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Author: Jillian Kubala, RD

Posted: May 16, 2024, 6:00 am

Vomiting

<p>LumiNola / Getty Images</p> — LumiNola / Getty Images

Medically reviewed by Kumkum Sarkar Patel, MD

Vomiting (or, throwing up) happens when the contents of your stomach are forcefully ejected through the mouth. If you're vomiting, it's also common to experience other symptoms like nausea and stomach pain.

Several conditions can trigger vomiting, including pregnancy, food poisoning, and motion sickness, among others.

While throwing up can be uncomfortable, home remedies and medications can often help relieve symptoms quickly.

Symptoms

While vomiting can occur on its own without any other symptoms, you may also experience symptoms like:

Nausea
Gagging
Stomach pain
Drowsiness
Pallor (abnormally pale skin)
Drooling or spitting due to an increase in saliva
Extreme thirst

Vomiting can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). You may have a chronic vomiting concern if you're feeling nauseous or throwing up often for at least a month. In such cases, it's important to see your healthcare provider soon for an evaluation. Excessive vomiting can contribute to dehydration, which can cause more severe symptoms.

What Causes Vomiting?

Vomiting is your body's way of protecting you from something potentially toxic that you might have eaten or ingested. This defense mechanism activates when an external factor triggers the brain or the gut to turn on the vomiting reflex.

Many factors, including infections, health conditions, and medications can induce vomiting.

Conditions

Conditions that can cause vomiting include:

Appendicitis
Anxiety or stress
Cyclic vomiting syndrome (a condition that causes sudden severe nausea and vomiting episodes)
Diabetic ketoacidosis, or DKA (an emergency medical condition that causes extremely high blood sugar levels)
Eating disorders
Food allergies
Motion sickness
Pain (for example, a migraine or kidney stones)
Pregnancy (morning sickness)
Vertigo (the sensation that either you or the environment around you is spinning or moving uncontrollably)

Digestive conditions like the following can cause vomiting:

Bowel obstruction: A blockage in the small or large intestine
Gastritis: A condition that causes stomach lining inflammation
Gastroparesis: A condition that causes your stomach to empty slower than it should
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A condition that causes stomach acid to repeatedly flow back into your esophagus

Infections

Infections that can cause vomiting include:

Food poisoning
Gastroenteritis (stomach flu)
Kidney infection (pyelonephritis)
Norovirus

Medications

Medications that can cause vomiting include:

Antibiotics
Chemotherapy
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Surgical anesthesia (medication that helps put you to sleep during surgery)

Risk Factors

Because there are many possible underlying causes behind vomiting, experts haven't identified a set of general factors that might increase your risk of vomiting. However, some research has been done to look at the risk factors for vomiting after anesthesia In the study, researchers found that the following factors increased the risk of throwing up:

Being female
Having a history of motion sickness
Not smoking
Being younger than 50 years old
Having gastroparesis

The specific type of surgery and anesthesia you receive might also contribute to the risk of vomiting.

Diagnosis

While vomiting on occasion is normal for everyone, if you're experiencing long-term nausea and frequent bouts of vomiting, it's a good idea to see your healthcare provider for a proper evaluation. They can help you understand what's causing your symptoms and create a treatment plan to help you feel better.

During your appointment, your provider will ask about your symptoms and medical history and perform a physical exam. They may also order additional diagnostics to learn about the underlying cause of your vomiting and confirm a diagnosis. These tests include:

Blood test: Measures blood cell count, chemical levels in the blood, and liver and pancreatic enzymes
Urine test: Checks for pregnancy
Imaging test: Takes detailed images of the gastrointestinal tract, abdomen, or brain to check for any abnormalities or signs of inflammation
Endoscopy: Examines the structures in your stomach and small intestine to diagnose digestive disorders
Gastrointestinal motility test: Surveys how food is moving through the stomach and digestive tract
Mental health evaluations: Only needed if your provider suspects an eating or anxiety disorder

It's worth noting that you may need additional testing and evaluation if you're experiencing dehydration, acidosis (dangerous levels of acid in the bloodstream), or sudden and severe abdominal pain.

How To Stop Vomiting

The main goals of treatment for vomiting are to reduce your symptoms and minimize the chances of experiencing complications—like dehydration, where the body doesn't have enough fluids to function properly.

Since there are several underlying causes of vomiting, your healthcare provider will work with you to figure out what's causing your symptoms and determine a treatment plan based on your exact needs.

Home Remedies

Self-care strategies and home remedies are often enough to improve short-term vomiting concerns. Healthcare providers may often recommend the following:

Avoid scents and foods that trigger vomiting
Eat bland foods like clear broth, toast, or potatoes
Stay hydrated with water or electrolyte drinks
Drink fluids slowly
Take ginger and vitamin B6, especially if your vomiting is pregnancy-related
Try acupressure wristbands, which may provide relief for mild vomiting and nausea
Use over-the-counter (OTC) antiemetic medications such as Pepto-Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate) or antihistamines like Benadryl (diphenhydramine)
Limit physical activity after eating
Get fresh air

Prescription Medications

If your vomiting is chronic or has caused complications, your healthcare provider may recommend prescriptions or medical treatments. These treatment options may include:

IV fluids to treat dehydration by managing the levels of electrolytes (like potassium and magnesium) in the blood
Prescription medications to reduce vomiting, such as Reglan (metoclopramide) and Zofran (ondasetron), or Phenergan (promethazine)
Nutritional support for unintentional weight loss or malnutrition caused by vomiting either through clear liquids or a feeding tube if needed

Prevention

Vomiting isn't always avoidable. Everyone vomits at some point in their lives. However, some tips can help reduce your risk of vomiting due to certain causes. Consider the following:

Take OTC or prescription medications to stop nausea before going in for chemotherapy, surgery, or an event that may cause motion sickness (e.g., a long car ride)
Keep your hands clean and cooking food thoroughly to reduce the risk of food poisoning or stomach flu
Get an evaluation from a healthcare provider if you have chronic vomiting, so your treatment plan can prevent future vomiting episodes

Complications

In mild vomiting cases, you may not experience any complications at all. If your vomiting episodes are severe or long-term, the most common complication that can occur is dehydration. Dehydration can cause a variety of symptoms severe thirst, rapid heart rate, fever, and headaches. It can become life-threatening without proper treatment, so early treatment is important.

Severe vomiting can also lead to small tears in the esophagus, which may bleed. If these tears occur, you may notice blood in the vomit or black poop. While rare, intense vomiting can prompt the entire wall of the esophagus to tear, causing a leak of the stomach contents into the chest or abdomen.

Seeking early treatment from your healthcare provider about vomiting can help reduce your risk of these complications.

A Quick Review

Vomiting is extremely common and can happen for a variety of reasons. Common causes of throwing up include food poisoning, pregnancy, and underlying health conditions. In most cases, home remedies can help treat symptoms.

If your vomiting is chronic, it's important to see a healthcare provider sooner to understand the cause of your symptoms, begin treatment, and reduce your risk of developing complications like dehydration.

Frequently Asked Questions

Should you lie down after vomiting?

Experts recommend avoiding lying down, if possible, after a vomiting episode. Instead, they recommend sitting still, as moving around or changing positions quickly may worsen your symptoms.

What is the fastest way to reduce vomiting symptoms?

Focus on rehydrating, trying small bites of bland foods, and resting. In addition, OTC and prescription medications to reduce vomiting and nausea, or home remedies like ginger, can also be helpful.

How do you know what's causing your vomiting?

Vomiting can be the result of a variety of different health conditions. Sudden, short-term vomiting is commonly the result of a viral illness or food poisoning.

Contact a healthcare provider for a diagnosis if you've vomited more than three times in a day and can't keep any food or liquid down, as this may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition.

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Author: Cristina Mutchler

Posted: May 15, 2024, 7:00 pm

Stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis

<p>Oscar Wong / Getty Images</p> — Oscar Wong / Getty Images

Medically reviewed by Stella Bard, MD

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation, pain, and stiffness in the joints—usually in your hands, wrists, knees, feet, and ankles.

Symptoms of RA can vary depending on the stage of the condition. In the early stages, symptoms can come and go. As the condition progresses, symptoms are likely to persist and worsen, sometimes causing long-term damage to the joints that unfortunately can't be reversed.

Early Rheumatoid Arthritis

During the beginning stages of RA, many people don't yet have a diagnosis. It might not be clear that you have RA versus another health condition that may be causing joint pain. Symptoms during this early period can vary greatly from person to person. The experiences are so different during early rheumatoid arthritis that your symptoms can develop in the following ways:

Gradual, intermittent pain and stiffness in one or two joints that worsens over several weeks
Sudden and intense pain in one or two joints
Joint pain in one or two joints that occurs for a few days and only returns months later (known as palindromic symptoms)

Researchers apply the term “pre-RA” to people who have certain signs of rheumatoid arthritis (e.g., positive results on certain blood tests) who are very likely to eventually get full-blown RA, even if they don’t fully qualify for a diagnosis currently. The six months after an official diagnosis is sometimes also called “early RA.”

During this early period, immune activation is just beginning, and not as many parts of the immune system are involved. In a small minority of people with pre-RA or early RA, symptoms spontaneously go away without treatment, and no long-term damage occurs. However, studies are still investigating how frequent that is and why symptoms can go away in some people.

Established Rheumatoid Arthritis

In established rheumatoid arthritis, symptoms have been present for at least six months, and diagnosing the condition is easier. By the time of established rheumatoid arthritis, more parts of the immune system are activated. While treatments can help keep symptoms at bay, you still might experience some flares (periods where symptoms are active).

The severity of symptoms can still vary from person to person during this period of RA. Some people have pain in a relatively small number of joints, but others experience pain in several joints throughout their bodies. The intensity can also vary from mild to severe.

Pain during this stage can worsen over time, but not always. Your pain levels will often depend on whether you're receiving treatment and how your body responds to the treatments.

Advanced Rheumatoid Arthritis

If untreated, people who’ve had established RA for years can eventually develop advanced RA— sometimes also called “end-stage” RA. If you're in this stage of RA, your joints may have become permanently and severely damaged from active flares and excess inflammation.

Advanced RA can cause your joints to become deformed, damaging your bones and making it hard for you to move. If you experience symptoms in your hands, your fingers might come out of alignment and bend at odd angles.

Because this damage is permanent, advanced RA often causes persistent and severe pain. This stage can also cause more severe complications, like a higher risk of developing lung and heart disease or certain types of cancers.

X-Ray Stages

In some healthcare settings, your provider may talk about RA stages in numerical terms. This often occurs when you're getting an X-ray to understand how much joint inflammation you have. Greater damage corresponds to a higher stage number. You may receive a diagnosis in one of the following stages:

Stage 1: Joint changes can’t be seen with X-ray (although slight changes might be seen with more precise imaging, like MRI).
Stage 2: Some cartilage around the joint is destroyed, causing some stiffness and decreased range of motion, but the joint isn’t deformed.
Stage 3: More of the bone and supporting tissue around the bone is destroyed, and the joint becomes deformed, worsening stiffness and range of motion.
Stage 4: All the features of stage 3 are present, but some of the bones also become abnormally fused at odd angles, making it more difficult to move.

Generally speaking, pre-RA and early RA are categorized as stage 1. Established RA is usually stage 2. Advanced RA might correspond to stage 3 or stage 4.

Disease-Modifying Treatments

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are the first line of treatment for RA at any stage. These treatments decrease inflammation, flares, and the chance that your RA will become more advanced. Many types of DMARDs are available for RA. These include:

Pharmaceutical DMARDs that you can take orally, such as Trexall (methotrexate)
DMARDs made from living organisms (called biologics) that you take with an injection or infusion, such as Enbrel (etanercept) and Actemra (tocilizumab)
Targeted synthetic DMARDs that you take orally, such as Xeljanz (tofacitinib)

Trexall (methotrexate) is the most common treatment when you first receive your diagnosis. If this medication doesn't work for you, your healthcare provider may switch to a biologic medication or add additional DMARDs to your treatment plan.

How Rheumatoid Arthritis Progresses

Rheumatoid arthritis progression can vary from person to person. For a few people who have pre-RA, joint pain may occur for a little while and then go away. When RA is fully established, symptoms will likely worsen over time.

Some people with established RA eventually develop advanced RA, because the repeated inflammation has permanently damaged their joints. This is much less common than it used to be, because of access to more modern treatments.

How To Slow the Progression

To slow down the progression of RA, healthcare providers offer treatments that help reduce the frequency and severity of flares. This generally requires taking one or more DMARDs to help alleviate symptoms. It’s important to start DMARD medications for RA as soon as possible. Early treatment can help reduce present symptoms and prevent long-term joint damage and disease progression.

You might need to try several different medications before you find the combination that works best for you. This process may be frustrating, but staying the course and finding the medication that's right for you can improve symptoms in the long run and reduce your risk of complications.

Your healthcare provider will assess the effectiveness of your treatment by using blood tests and imaging scans. It's also important to communicate with your healthcare provider if you still have symptoms despite taking medications to treat them. The information your body gives you might not always be accessible on a medical test, so speak up and advocate for yourself (or a loved one) if the treatment isn't helping.

How To Manage Rheumatoid Arthritis

Living well with RA is possible. You can use a variety of approaches to reduce pain, increase your ability to do the things you love and improve your quality of life. Your healthcare provider may recommend the following strategies:

Try physical therapy to help relieve pain, increase mobility and strength, and help you move better
See an occupational therapist to learn about orthopedic supports and assistive devices that can help you continue doing daily activities
Talk to a mental health provider for guidance on how to reduce stress, get enough sleep, and eat nutritious foods that can offer anti-inflammatory effects
Use other pain relief methods such as over-the-counter painkillers, heat therapy, massages, and acupuncture
Move your body gently with activities like tai chi or yoga

When lifestyle changes and medications aren't improving your symptoms, it's important to talk to your healthcare provider about other options. Your provider may recommend surgery, especially if you have advanced RA. There are several surgeries available and the type you need will depend on your symptoms and disease severity.

When to Contact a Healthcare Provider

Seeing a healthcare provider for joint pain is an essential way to protect your overall joint and bone health—not to mention your emotional well-being.

If you’ve been officially diagnosed with RA, you’ll need to see a healthcare provider regularly. During these appointments, talk to your provider about your symptoms, how well your treatment is working, and if you experience any flares. They can adjust your treatment plan and offer other recommendations to improve symptoms.

It's also important to see your provider if you haven't received a diagnosis for RA but experience unexplained joint pain. While several other conditions can cause joint or muscle pain, you may also be experiencing an early stage of RA that can benefit from early treatment.

A Quick Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that damages the joints over time through repeated bouts of inflammation. Symptoms of RA can often depend on what stage of the disease you're in—whether that's early stage, established stage, or advanced stage.

DMARD medications can help improve symptoms at any stage. Getting treatment early and following your medication plan as advised can help reduce symptoms and prevent complications.

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Read the original article on Health.com.

Author: Ruth Jessen Hickman, MD

Posted: May 15, 2024, 4:00 pm

Acid Reflux Medications Linked to Higher Migraine Risk, Study Suggests

Fact checked by Nick Blackmer

A new study found an association between acid reflux medications and an increased risk of migraines and severe headaches.
People who took proton pump inhibitors, the most commonly used acid reflux medications, had the highest odds of developing migraine.
The study adds to growing research showing a connection between antacids and migraines.

About 20% of Americans contend with acid reflux, a condition that causes burning and irritation in the chest due to stomach acid moving into the esophagus. Now, a new study suggests that taking medications to ease symptoms may increase the risk of another painful condition: migraines.

The study, published in late April in the journal Neurology Clinical Practice, found the strongest association between higher migraine risk and the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), the most common and effective acid reflux medication.

The research adds to growing evidence suggesting that acid-suppressing medications have a connection to migraines and severe headaches. A study from 2022, for example, found that PPI use was potentially associated with migraines “irrespective of the elapsed time since use and the duration of use.”

Praveen Guntipalli, MD, who is board-certified in internal medicine and obesity medicine and wasn’t involved with the study, told Health that the new study highlights “the need for careful evaluation of these medications in patients prone to migraines.”

<p>South_agency / Getty Images</p> — South_agency / Getty Images

Finding a Link Between Antacids and Migraine Risk

Researchers pulled data from 1,818 adults who participated between 1999 and 2004 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, an ongoing study run by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other agencies to assess the health and nutritional status of the nation’s residents.

Participants reported whether they took PPIs, H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), and generic antacids. (The study focused on prescription medications, but PPIs such as esomeprazole and omeprazole are also available over the counter, though at lower dosages.)

The surveys also asked participants whether they had developed a migraine or severe headache within three months of taking the drug.

Researchers discovered that, compared to people who didn’t take acid reflux medications, those taking H2RAs and generic antacids had a respective 40% and 30% higher chance of developing a migraine or severe headache within three months. Participants who used PPIs had an increased migraine risk of 70%.

Guntipalli noted that one of the study’s limitations is that it relies on self-reported information. Furthermore, it only shows an association between the medications and increased migraine risk and does not establish causation.

What’s Behind the Migraine and Acid Reflux Connection?

Researchers are still learning about the connection between acid reflux and migraines.

Medhat Mikhael, MD, a pain management specialist at MemorialCare Orange Coast Medical Center in Fountain Valley, CA, suggested that PPIs might cause migraine because their acid-suppressing effect interferes with the absorption of nutrients such as magnesium—low levels of which have been linked to headaches.

It’s also possible that people who need acid reflux medication are simply more prone to migraines, whether or not they take antacids, experts said.

According to Mikhael, acid reflux may spur a migraine through an “inflammatory cascade reaction that starts at the GI level” and triggers the central nervous system to “facilitate the release of the calcitonin gene-related peptides.”

Stress may also account for a potential link between the conditions, Clifford Segil, DO, a neurologist at Providence Saint John’s Health Center in Santa Monica, CA, told Health.

“Patients with increased life stress would be expected to produce more acid as a stress response, which is what I see in clinical practice,” he explained. “Patients with increased life stress would also be expected to have more frequent headaches.”

Therefore, he continued, “I am not surprised to see the treatment group requiring the strongest acid-decreasing family of medications, PPIs, to have the most frequent headaches as a comorbidity.”

What's apparent, Guntipalli said, is that the connection between acid reflux medications and migraines “clearly warrants further investigation."

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Author: Kaitlin Vogel

Posted: May 15, 2024, 4:00 pm

Health Benefits of Liquid Collagen

Medically reviewed by Kristie Reed, PharmD

Collagen is a protein found naturally in your body, which is most abundant on your skin, but it’s found also in your teeth, bones, ligaments, and organs. As you age, collagen levels are reduced, resulting in symptoms like sagging and wrinkled skin.

Liquid collagen is a supplement usually made from collagen extracted from animal tissues. Many people turn to manufactured collagen products to improve their skin. But other potential benefits of collagen supplements include improved bone health, stronger muscles, and better heart health.

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Improves Skin Health

Collagen products, including liquid collagen, are most well-known for treating the skin. Research has found that when you take collagen orally (by mouth), it can affect the deeper layers of your skin— reducing wrinkles, increasing firmness, improving skin elasticity, and making the skin appear younger and more vibrant.

For example, one study of women aged 40-60 who took oral collagen for 12 weeks. Participants noticed improvements in wrinkles, skin hydration, and skin elasticity. Another 2018 study found that women aged 35-65 who took collagen supplements for three months saw an increase in skin firmness, elasticity, and thickness.

Can Help With Heart Health

Though the research isn’t yet robust, there’s some evidence that taking collagen supplements can help with heart health.

One study looked at how collagen affects heart health by looking at indicators such as lipid cholesterol levels, toxic advanced glycation end-products (TAGE), and the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). After taking a collagen supplement twice a day for six months, participants saw improvements in their cholesterol and TAGE levels. Researchers concluded that collagen supplementation may contribute to heart disease prevention and treatment.

Might Improve Muscle Strength

Collagen is a major building block of the muscles in your body. Research has found that collagen supplements can boost fat-free mass (FFM) and improve muscle strength in older men.

One study looked at the effects of combining collagen supplements with resistance exercise training in young men. Collagen supplements along with resistance training resulted in increases in body mass, FFM, and muscle strength. The researchers found that the combination of collagen supplements and resistance training was more beneficial than resistance exercise training alone.

May Improve Bone and Joint Health

Collagen plays an important role in bone and joint health. Some research shows that taking collagen may help with conditions like osteoporosis (decreased bone density and bone mass, often due to age) and osteoarthritis (when joint cartilage breaks down over time). Researchers found that collagen supplementation may help strengthen bones and improve cartilage health.

Could Strengthen Nails

Collagen supplementation may help improve the appearance and health of your fingernails. In one small study of 25 people with brittle nail syndrome (when nails become rough and may begin to peel), participants took 2.5 grams of collagen supplements daily for 24 weeks. The majority of participants experienced improved nail appearance and nail growth.

How To Take Liquid Collagen

There are many types of collagen supplements, including powdered collagen and liquid collagen. Some liquid collagen supplements also contain other vitamins, minerals, and herbs. People sometimes mix liquid collagen with other beverages, but you can usually drink it on its own.

Many liquid collagen products come in single-dose containers or dropper bottles. You should follow the instructions on the particular liquid collagen product you’ve purchased, which often advises you to shake the bottle before opening and drinking. It's important to talk with your healthcare provider before taking liquid collagen. They can advise you about which products to try, when to take them, and what dose is right for your body.

Dosage

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) doesn’t regulate dietary supplements like liquid collagen. This means that they also don’t determine factors like serving size or dosage. Instead, the product manufacturer recommends the dosage and serving sizes of liquid collagen supplements.

There are no specific guidelines about the correct collagen dosage including how much is too much. That's why it's important to ask your healthcare provider what dosage is best for you.

Is Liquid Collagen Safe?

One systematic review found that taking oral collagen supplements is generally safe. Additional research shows that collagen is safe when used for a short period.

That said, there isn’t information about the side effects of taking liquid collagen during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Pregnant and breastfeeding people should avoid taking collagen unless their healthcare provider gives them approval.

Potential Drug Interactions

It’s unclear whether liquid collagen might interact with other medications or supplements. That’s why it’s important to discuss collagen supplementation with your healthcare provider before starting it.

What To Look For

The FDA doesn’t test, regulate, or review supplements like liquid collagen. It recommends contacting the manufacturer directly if you want more detailed information about a particular supplement—such as how it was made or where the materials were sourced from.

Certain independent organizations test supplements. Look for supplements tested by a quality assurance tester. Quality assurance testing doesn’t guarantee that the product is safe, but it can be helpful to learn more about the supplement. Some organizations that offer this type of quality testing include ConsumerLab.com, U.S. Pharmacopeia, and NSF International.

Side Effects of Liquid Collagen

Side effects are not common when taking liquid collagen. However, some discomfort may occur, including:

Stomach pain
Constipation
Nausea
Vomiting

More serious reactions may happen, and you may have more serious symptoms if you are allergic to liquid collagen.

Liquid collagen is composed of animal products you may also be allergic to. For instance, you may have an allergic reaction if you take a liquid collagen supplement or marine collagen supplement made from shellfish and have a shellfish allergy. Look carefully for allergens in the ingredients of the collagen supplement you are taking.

A Quick Review

Liquid collagen is often used to treat aging skin. It can also be used for bone and joint repair, muscle strength, and nail health. Collagen supplements do not have many side effects and are not known to be harmful. Still, it’s important to double-check with your healthcare provider before adding collagen supplements to your routine.

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Read the original article on Health.com.

Author: Wendy Wisner

Posted: May 15, 2024, 12:00 pm